The polymerization of sugars, amino acids, and nucleotides to form polysaccharides, polypeptides, and nucleic acids, respectively, occurs through covalent bonding.

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Animation 2.2 Catalysts and Activation Energy

Molecules and Membranes

In a chemical reaction, an enzyme lowers the amount of energy required to reach the transition state, allowing the reaction to proceed at an accelerated rate.

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Animation 2.3 Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions

Molecules and Membranes

In this example, an enzyme brings two substrates together to facilitate their reaction with each other.

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Animation 2.4 Passive Transport

Molecules and Membranes

Molecules that cross a membrane in an energetically favorable direction do so by passive transport.

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Animation 3.1 Glycolysis

Bioenergetics and Metabolism

Glycolysis is the initial stage in the breakdown of glucose, resulting in two molecules of pyruvate and a net gain of two molecules of ATP.

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Animation 3.2 The Citric Acid Cycle

Bioenergetics and Metabolism

The citric acid cycle is the central pathway in oxidative metabolism and completes the oxidation of glucose to six molecules of carbon dioxide.

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Animation 3.3 The Light Reactions

Bioenergetics and Metabolism

During the light reactions of photosynthesis, energy absorbed from sunlight drives the synthesis of ATP and NADPH, coupled to the oxidation of H20 to 02.

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Animation 3.4 The Calvin Cycle

Bioenergetics and Metabolism

In the Calvin cycle of photosynthesis, six molecules of carbon dioxide are used to generate a molecule of glucose.

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Animation 4.1 Bacterial Transformation

Fundamentals of Molecular Biology

A nonpathogenic strain of Pneumococcus can be transformed into a pathogenic strain by taking up DNA fragments from the pathogenic strain and incorporating them into its chromosome.

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Animation 4.2 Avery, MacLeod, & McCarty

Fundamentals of Molecular Biology

Through a series of experiments in 1944, Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty established that the transforming principle (genetic material) is DNA.

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Animation 4.3 The “Central Dogma”

Fundamentals of Molecular Biology

The central dogma of molecular biology, as first stated by Francis Crick, asserts that information flows from DNA to RNA, and then from RNA to protein.

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

A single base-pair mutation in the coding region of a gene can result in a prematurely terminated polypeptide or in a polypeptide with an incorrect amino acid in its amino acid chain, depending on the particular mutation.

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Animation 4.5 HIV Reproduction

Fundamentals of Molecular Biology

As part of a replication cycle within a host cell, a retrovirus uses the enzyme reverse transcriptase to copy its RNA genome into DNA.

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Animation 4.6 Restriction Endonucleases

Fundamentals of Molecular Biology

Restriction endonucleases cleave DNA at specific sequences, leaving staggered or blunt ends on the resulting DNA fragments.

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Animation 4.7 Recombinant DNA Molecules

Fundamentals of Molecular Biology

A DNA fragment is cloned by being inserted into a vector that replicates in a host cell.

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Animation 4.8 Sequencing a DNA Strand

Fundamentals of Molecular Biology

One method of DNA sequencing involves a modified DNA synthesis reaction using chainterminating fluorescent nucleotides, which can be identified by automated detection systems.

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Animation 4.9 Polymerase Chain Reaction

Fundamentals of Molecular Biology

The polymerase chain reaction allows the production of millions of copies of a DNA fragment from just one starting DNA molecule.

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Animation 4.10 Nucleic Acid Hybridization

Fundamentals of Molecular Biology

At high temperatures, the complementary strands of DNA separate, and then when they are cooled, they reform double-stranded molecules as dictated by complementary base pairing.

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Animation 4.11 Southern Blotting

Fundamentals of Molecular Biology

DNA fragments are separated by size using gel electrophoresis, and then—as part of the Southern blotting technique—they are incubated with a labeled DNA probe to identify specific DNA fragments.

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Animation 4.12 Monoclonal Antibodies

Fundamentals of Molecular Biology

Monoclonal antibodies can be made by inoculating an animal (such as a mouse) with an antigen, providing the animal time to mount an immune response, collecting the B cells from the animal, and then fusing the B cells to long-lived myeloma cells—thereby creating hybridomas that can be tested for the production of useful antibodies.

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Animation 5.1 Next-Generation Sequencing

Genomics, Proteomics, and Systems Biology

In next-generation DNA sequencing, millions of templates are sequenced simultaneously, dramatically increasing the speed of sequencing.

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Animation 5.2 DNA Microarray Technology

Genomics, Proteomics, and Systems Biology

DNA microarrays allow expression of tens of thousands of genes to be analyzed simultaneously.

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Animation 6.1 Alternative Splicing

Genes and Genomes

In alternative splicing, the multiple exons of a gene can be joined in different combinations to produce distinct mRNAs and proteins from a single primary RNA transcript.

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Animation 7.1 DNA Replication Fork

Replication, Maintenance, and Rearrangements of Genomic DNA

Helicase, primase, and two molecules of DNA polymerase III carry out the coordinated synthesis of both the leading and lagging strands of DNA at a replication fork.

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Animation 7.2 Light-Chain Genes

Replication, Maintenance, and Rearrangements of Genomic DNA

During B cell development, site-specific recombination joins regions of the immunoglobulin light-chain genes, leading to the production of unique immunoglobulin light chains.

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Animation 7.3 Heavy-Chain Genes

Replication, Maintenance, and Rearrangements of Genomic DNA

Site-specific recombination between three regions leads to the formation of immunoglobulin heavychain genes.

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Animation 8.1 Transcription

RNA Synthesis and Processing

Transcription is DNA-directed RNA synthesis, catalyzed by the enzyme RNA polymerase.

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Animation 8.2 RNA Processing

RNA Synthesis and Processing

Eukaryotic cells must process the RNA product of transcription to form a mature, translatable messenger RNA.

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Animation 9.1 Regulation of Transcriptional Elongation

Transcriptional Regulation and Epigenetics

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Animation 10.1 Translation

Protein Synthesis, Processing, and Regulation

Translation is RNA-directed polypeptide synthesis.

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Animation 10.2 The Ubiquitin-Proteasome Pathway

Protein Synthesis, Processing, and Regulation

By attaching a chain of ubiquitin molecules to a protein, a eukaryotic cell marks the protein for rapid degradation by a protease complex.

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Animation 11.1 Nuclear Import and Export

The Nucleus

Proteins are targeted to or from the nucleus by virtue of having nuclear localization signals or nuclear export signals, respectively, allowing the proteins to be recognized by receptors that direct their transport through the nuclear pore complex.

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Animation 12.1 Cotranslational Targeting of Secretory Proteins to the ER

Protein Sorting and Transport

In mammals, proteins enter the ER primarily by a cotranslational pathway, a process that requires a signal sequence on the newly forming protein.

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Animation 12.2 Organization of the Golgi

Protein Sorting and Transport

The Golgi apparatus is composed of flattened membrane-enclosed sacs that receive proteins from the ER, process them, and sort them to their eventual destinations.

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Animation 13.1 From Proplastid to Chloroplast

Mitochondria, Chloroplasts, and Peroxisomes

A proplastid with inner and outer membranes develops into a mature chloroplast with a third membrane system—the thylakoid membranes.

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Animation 14.1 Assembly of an Actin Filament

The Cytoskeleton and Cell Movement

Actin monomers polymerize to form actin filaments, a process that is reversible and is regulated within the cell by actin-binding proteins.

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Animation 14.2 A Thin Filament

The Cytoskeleton and Cell Movement

The thin filaments of skeletal muscle consist of actin filaments decorated with tropomyosin–troponin complexes covering the myosin binding sites.

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Animation 14.3 Microtubule Assembly

The Cytoskeleton and Cell Movement

Tubulin dimers can polymerize as well as depolymerize to assemble or break down microtubules.

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Animation 14.4 Kinesin

The Cytoskeleton and Cell Movement

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Animation 15.1 A Chemical Synapse

The Plasma Membrane

The arrival of a nerve impulse at the terminus of a neuron triggers synaptic vesicles to fuse with the plasma membrane, thereby releasing the neurotransmitter.

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Animation 15.2 The Na+-K+ Pump

The Plasma Membrane

The sodium and potassium ion gradients across the plasma membrane are maintained by the Na+-K+ pump, which hydrolyzes ATP to fuel the transport of these ions against their electrochemical gradients.

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Animation 15.3 Endocytosis

The Plasma Membrane

In endocytosis, the plasma membrane pinches off small vesicles or large vesicles (phagocytosis) to take in extracellular materials.

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Animation 15.4 Clathrin-Coated Pits and Vesicles

The Plasma Membrane

Receptor molecules in the plasma membrane cluster in clathrin-coated pits, become bound to specific macromolecules from outside the cell, and then pinch off in the form of clathrin-coated vesicles.

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Animation 16.1 Cellulose Synthesis during Elongation

Cell Walls, the Extracellular Matrix, and Cell Interactions

Cell wall formation in plants requires the synthesis of cellulose chains by enzyme complexes in the plasma membrane.

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Animation 17.1 Signaling by Secreted Molecules

Cell Signaling

In endocrine signaling, hormones act on distant target cells; in paracrine signaling, a molecule released from a cell acts on nearby targets; and in autocrine signaling, a cell produces a signaling molecule to which it also responds.

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Animation 17.2 Signal Transduction

Cell Signaling

The largest family of cell surface receptors transmits signals inside the cell by activating G proteins, which bind GTP and then activate effector proteins.

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Animation 17.3 Signal Amplification

Cell Signaling

In a signal transduction cascade, each enzyme activated at a stage in the cascade may activate numerous molecules of the next enzyme, quickly amplifying the response to the receptor-bound ligand.

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Animation 18.1 Phases of the Cell Cycle

The Cell Cycle

The cell cycle of most eukaryotic cells is divided into four discrete phases: M, G1, S, and G2.

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Animation 18.2 Embryonic Cell Cycles

The Cell Cycle

During early embryonic cell cycles, the cells do not grow, but instead divide into progressively smaller cells.

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Animation 18.3 Checkpoints in the Cell Cycle

The Cell Cycle

Several checkpoints function throughout the cell cycle to ensure that complete genomes are transmitted to daughter cells.

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Animation 18.4 Cyclins, Cdk’s, and the Cell Cycle

The Cell Cycle

Maturation promoting factor (MPF)—consisting of cyclin B and Cdk1—regulates the transition from G2 to M phase of the cell cycle.

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Animation 18.5 Mitosis in an Animal Cell

The Cell Cycle

Mitosis is the division of the nucleus. It consists of four phases—prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase—and is followed by the division of the cytoplasm, called cytokinesis.

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Animation 18.6 Cytokinesis in Higher Plants

The Cell Cycle

During cell division, a plant cell divides its cytoplasm by depositing Golgi vesicles containing cell wall precursors at the former site of the metaphase plate, building a larger and larger disk-like structure that grows toward and fuses with the plasma membrane.

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Animation 19.1 Apoptosis

Cell Death and Cell Renewal

Programmed cell death is an active process that usually proceeds by a distinct series of cellular changes known as apoptosis.

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Animation 19.2 The Mitochondrial Pathway of Apoptosis

Cell Death and Cell Renewal

Many forms of cell stress activate the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis—a pathway that leads to the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria, the activation of caspase-9, and the subsequent death of the cell.

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Animation 20.1 Metastasis of a Cancer

Cancer

A cancer begins when one altered cell gives rise to a proliferative cell population, forming a primary tumor from which cells can break away and form secondary tumors elsewhere in the body.

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Animation 20.2 Density-Dependent Inhibition

Cancer

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Chapter 1 Answers to In-book and Online Questions

Introduction to Cells and Cell Research

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Chapter 2 Answers to In-book and Online Questions

Molecules and Membranes

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Chapter 3 Answers to In-book and Online Questions

Bioenergetics and Metabolism

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Chapter 4 Answers to In-book and Online Questions

Fundamentals of Molecular Biology

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Chapter 5 Answers to In-book and Online Questions

Genomics, Proteomics, and Systems Biology

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Chapter 6 Answers to In-book and Online Questions

Genes and Genomes

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Chapter 7 Answers to In-book and Online Questions

Replication, Maintenance, and Rearrangements of Genomic DNA

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Chapter 8 Answers to In-book and Online Questions

RNA Synthesis and Processing

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Chapter 9 Answers to In-book and Online Questions

Transcriptional Regulation and Epigenetics

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Chapter 10 Answers to In-book and Online Questions

Protein Synthesis, Processing, and Regulation

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Chapter 11 Answers to In-book and Online Questions

The Nucleus

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Chapter 12 Answers to In-book and Online Questions

Protein Sorting and Transport

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Chapter 13 Answers to In-book and Online Questions

Mitochondria, Chloroplasts, and Peroxisomes

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Chapter 14 Answers to In-book and Online Questions

The Cytoskeleton and Cell Movement

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Chapter 15 Answers to In-book and Online Questions

The Plasma Membrane

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Chapter 16 Answers to In-book and Online Questions

Cell Walls, the Extracellular Matrix, and Cell Interactions

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Chapter 17 Answers to In-book and Online Questions

Cell Signaling

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Chapter 18 Answers to In-book and Online Questions

The Cell Cycle

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Chapter 19 Answers to In-book and Online Questions

Cell Death and Cell Renewal

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Chapter 20 Answers to In-book and Online Questions

Cancer

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Chapter 1 Online Quiz Questions

Introduction to Cells and Cell Research

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Chapter 2 Online Quiz Questions

Molecules and Membranes

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Chapter 3 Online Quiz Questions

Bioenergetics and Metabolism

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Chapter 4 Online Quiz Questions

Fundamentals of Molecular Biology

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Chapter 5 Online Quiz Questions

Genomics, Proteomics, and Systems Biology

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Chapter 6 Online Quiz Questions

Genes and Genomes

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Chapter 7 Online Quiz Questions

Replication, Maintenance, and Rearrangements of Genomic DNA

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Chapter 8 Online Quiz Questions

RNA Synthesis and Processing

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Chapter 9 Online Quiz Questions

Transcriptional Regulation and Epigenetics

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Chapter 10 Online Quiz Questions

Protein Synthesis, Processing, and Regulation

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Chapter 11 Online Quiz Questions

The Nucleus

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Chapter 12 Online Quiz Questions

Protein Sorting and Transport

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Chapter 13 Online Quiz Questions

Mitochondria, Chloroplasts, and Peroxisomes

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Chapter 14 Online Quiz Questions

The Cytoskeleton and Cell Movement

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Chapter 15 Online Quiz Questions

The Plasma Membrane

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Chapter 16 Online Quiz Questions

Cell Walls, the Extracellular Matrix, and Cell Interactions

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Chapter 17 Online Quiz Questions

Cell Signaling

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Chapter 18 Online Quiz Questions

The Cell Cycle

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Chapter 19 Online Quiz Questions

Cell Death and Cell Renewal

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Chapter 20 Online Quiz Questions

Cancer

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Chapter 1 Test Bank

Introduction to Cells and Cell Research

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Chapter 2 Test Bank

Molecules and Membranes

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Chapter 3 Test Bank

Bioenergetics and Metabolism

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Chapter 4 Test Bank

Fundamentals of Molecular Biology

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Chapter 5 Test Bank

Genomics, Proteomics, and Systems Biology

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Chapter 6 Test Bank

Genes and Genomes

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Chapter 7 Test Bank

Replication, Maintenance, and Rearrangements of Genomic DNA

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Chapter 8 Test Bank

RNA Synthesis and Processing

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Chapter 9 Test Bank

Transcriptional Regulation and Epigenetics

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Chapter 10 Test Bank

Protein Synthesis, Processing, and Regulation

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Chapter 11 Test Bank

The Nucleus

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Chapter 12 Test Bank

Protein Sorting and Transport

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Chapter 13 Test Bank

Mitochondria, Chloroplasts, and Peroxisomes

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Chapter 14 Test Bank

The Cytoskeleton and Cell Movement

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Chapter 15 Test Bank

The Plasma Membrane

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Chapter 16 Test Bank

Cell Walls, the Extracellular Matrix, and Cell Interactions

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Chapter 17 Test Bank

Cell Signaling

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Chapter 18 Test Bank

The Cell Cycle

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Chapter 19 Test Bank

Cell Death and Cell Renewal

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Chapter 20 Test Bank

Cancer

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Video 1.1 Paramecium Feeding

Introduction to Cells and Cell Research

Paramecium caudatum feeds on bacteria and other small cells via a deep oral groove that contains compound oral cilia used to draw in food.

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Video 1.2 Super-Resolution Light Microscopy

Introduction to Cells and Cell Research

Super-resolution microscopy techniques allow the capture of images with a higher resolution than the diffraction limit of visible light.

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Video 2.1 What Is a Protein?

Molecules and Membranes

All proteins are made out of the same twenty amino acids, combined and folded in different ways—this 3D structure is critical for protein function.

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Video 2.2 Ordering Effect of Cholesterol in a Lipid Bilayer

Molecules and Membranes

Cholesterol molecules in a cell membrane influence the arrangement of the phospholipids in the bilayer.

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Video 3.1 ATP Synthase in Action

Bioenergetics and Metabolism

ATP synthase generates ATP from ADP and phosphate using a rotary mechanism that turns about 150 times every second.

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Video 4.1 RNA Interference

Fundamentals of Molecular Biology

RNA interference (RNAi) is an important process that regulates the activity of genes via small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs).

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Video 5.1 A Brief Introduction to C. elegans

Genomics, Proteomics, and Systems Biology

C. elegans is an important model organism used in the study of molecular and developmental biology.

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Video 7.1 Mechanism of DNA Replication

Replication, Maintenance, and Rearrangements of Genomic DNA

In DNA replication, both strands of the double helix act as templates for the formation of new DNA molecules, using two different mechanisms.

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Video 7.2 Methyl-Directed Mismatch Repair

Replication, Maintenance, and Rearrangements of Genomic DNA

In E. coli, mismatch repair is facilitated by the lack of methylation on the newly-synthesized DNA strands.

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Video 8.1 DNA Transcription

RNA Synthesis and Processing

During transcription, DNA is read by RNA polymerase, which produces a complementary RNA strand.

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Video 8.2 RNA Splicing

RNA Synthesis and Processing

The splicing process removes non-coding regions (introns) from the RNA transcript, leaving only protein-coding regions in the final mRNA.

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Video 9.1 Epigenetic Mechanisms

Transcriptional Regulation and Epigenetics

Epigenetic regulation of gene expression includes a number of different types of modification to the chromatin.

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Video 10.1 mRNA Translation

Protein Synthesis, Processing, and Regulation

In translation, mRNA is decoded by a ribosome to produce a specific amino acid sequence—a protein.

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Video 10.2 Protein Folding Simulation

Protein Synthesis, Processing, and Regulation

Computer simulations of the complexities of protein folding have provided important insights into the process.

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Video 10.3 Mechanisms of Alzheimer's Disease

Protein Synthesis, Processing, and Regulation

Alzheimer's disease is characterized by the formation of beta amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, which impede neuronal communication.

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Video 11.1 The Nuclear Pore Complex

The Nucleus

The nuclear pore complex consists of an assembly of spokes attached to rings surrounding a central channel.

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Video 11.2 Into the Nucleus

The Nucleus

Proteins pass through the nuclear pore complex by a selective transport process.

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Video 12.1 Transport through the Secretory Pathway

Protein Sorting and Transport

Proteins are transported from the ER to the Golgi apparatus and from the Golgi to the plasma membrane.

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Video 12.2 Budding from the Golgi Apparatus

Protein Sorting and Transport

Transport vesicles bud from the trans-Golgi network and deliver their secretory cargo to their destinations.

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Video 12.3 Post-Golgi Transport

Protein Sorting and Transport

After processing in the Golgi apparatus, proteins are transported to the plasma membrane.

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Video 12.4 Vesicle Trafficking

Protein Sorting and Transport

Transport vesicles move between the ER, Golgi, and cell membrane along cytoskeletal filaments.

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Video 13.1 Mitochondrial Networks

Mitochondria, Chloroplasts, and Peroxisomes

In most cells, mitochondria exist as part of a large interconnected network.

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Video 13.2 Mitochondrial Dynamics

Mitochondria, Chloroplasts, and Peroxisomes

Continual fusion and fission events remodel the mitochondrial network and modify morphology and function.

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Video 13.3 Chloroplasts in Elodea

Mitochondria, Chloroplasts, and Peroxisomes

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Video 14.1 Lamellipodia

The Cytoskeleton and Cell Movement

Lamellipodia are sheetlike extensions at the leading edge of fibroblasts.

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Video 14.2 Cell Movement

The Cytoskeleton and Cell Movement

Cell movement across a surface involves extension of the leading edge, attachment, and retraction.

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Video 14.3 Actin Filament Induced Movement

The Cytoskeleton and Cell Movement

The formation of lamellipodia during cell movement is based on the assembly and disassembly of actin filaments.

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Video 14.4 Vesicle Movement along Microtubules

The Cytoskeleton and Cell Movement

Vesicles are transported through the cytoplasm along microtubules by kinesin and dynein.

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Video 14.5 Mitochondrial Movement

The Cytoskeleton and Cell Movement

Microtubules and associated motor proteins move mitochondria within the cell.

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Video 14.6 Ciliate Movement

The Cytoskeleton and Cell Movement

Cilia cover the surface of some protozoans and are responsible for cell motility and directing food particles into the oral cavity.

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Video 14.7 Flagellum in Euglena

The Cytoskeleton and Cell Movement

Flagella are used for locomotion by a variety of protozoans and by sperm.

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Video 14.8 Coordinated Motion of Cilia

The Cytoskeleton and Cell Movement

In animals, the coordinated motion of cilia can move fluid or mucus over a surface.

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Video 15.1 Membrane Fluidity

The Plasma Membrane

The plasma membrane is composed of a fluid lipid bilayer.

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Video 15.2 Lipid Raft Turnover

The Plasma Membrane

Lipid rafts are small, transient, semisolid patches in the plasma membrane composed of cholesterol and sphingolipids.

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Video 15.3 Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis

The Plasma Membrane

A clathrin-coated pit first forms on the surface of the membrane, then buds and pinches off inside the cell, forming the vesicle.

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Video 16.1 Focal Adhesions

Cell Walls, the Extracellular Matrix, and Cell Interactions

Focal adhesions are large protein complexes through which mechanical force and regulatory signals are transmitted between the extracellular matrix and an interacting cell.

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Video 16.2 Focal Adhesion Dynamics

Cell Walls, the Extracellular Matrix, and Cell Interactions

The dynamic assembly and disassembly of focal adhesions plays a central role in cell migration.

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Video 16.3 Cadherins

Cell Walls, the Extracellular Matrix, and Cell Interactions

Cadherins are transmembrane proteins essential for cell–cell adhesion and are dependent on calcium ions to function.

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Video 17.1 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases

Cell Signaling

Receptor tyrosine kinases bind many polypeptide growth factors, cytokines, and hormones to initiate signal transduction.

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Video 18.1 Mitosis in Real Time

The Cell Cycle

Mitosis and cytokinesis together define the mitotic phase of an animal cell cycle.

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Video 18.2 Fission Yeast Division

The Cell Cycle

Fission yeast divide by medial fission to produce two daughter cells of equal sizes, which makes them a powerful tool in cell cycle research.

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Video 18.3 Mitosis

The Cell Cycle

Mitosis is the most dramatic stage of the cell cycle, corresponding to the separation of daughter chromosomes and usually ending with cell division.

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Video 18.4 Mitosis with Fluorescent Proteins

The Cell Cycle

During mitosis, the chromosomes condense, the nuclear envelope breaks down, the cytoskeleton forms the mitotic spindle, and the chromosomes move to opposite poles.

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Video 18.5 Spindle Assembly Checkpoint

The Cell Cycle

The spindle assembly checkpoint monitors the alignment of chromosomes on the metaphase spindle.

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Video 18.6 Metaphase and Anaphase

The Cell Cycle

During metaphase, the chromosomes align in the center of the spindle, and at anaphase, the sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles of the spindle.

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Video 19.1 Differentiated Cardiac Beating Cells

Cell Death and Cell Renewal

Cells differentiate into a wide range of cell types, including blood cells, epithelial cells, adipocytes, vascular smooth muscle cells, nerve cells, and even beating heart muscle cells.

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Video 19.2 Controlling Stem Cells with Light

Cell Death and Cell Renewal

Methods have been developed to direct the differentiation of both mouse and human embryonic stem cells into various types of neurons.

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Video 19.3 Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer

Cell Death and Cell Renewal

Somatic cell nuclear transfer is used to produce clones of cells with the same genetic background as the donor nucleus.

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Video 19.4 Apoptosis

Cell Death and Cell Renewal

Programmed cell death is an active process which usually proceeds by a distinct series of cellular changes known as apoptosis.

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Video 19.5 Apoptosis Induced By Fas Activation

Cell Death and Cell Renewal

The cell surface receptor Fas plays important roles in controlling cell death in the immune system.

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Video 20.1 Normal vs. Cancer Cells

Cancer

Rather than responding appropriately to the signals that control normal cell behavior, cancer cells grow and divide in an uncontrolled manner.

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Video 20.2 Breast Cancer Cells Dividing

Cancer

Tumor cells migrate over one another and grow in a disordered, multilayered pattern.

You need to login or create an account to purchase or redeem access.

Video 20.3 Tumor Suppressor Gene Regulation

Cancer

The disruption of tumor suppressor gene expression causes the cancerous cell to divide when it should not.

Geoffrey M. Cooper, The Cell, International Eighth Edition Instructor Resources

Description

Explore Resources:

Instructor's Manual and Active Learning Guide