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Instructor Resources to accompany The Cell, Eighth Edition XE, by Cooper. The following resources are available:
Introduction to Cells and Cell Research
Molecules and Membranes
Bioenergetics and Metabolism
Fundamentals of Molecular Biology
Genomics, Proteomics, and Systems Biology
Genes and Genomes
Replication, Maintenance, and Rearrangements of Genomic DNA
RNA Synthesis and Processing
Transcriptional Regulation and Epigenetics
Protein Synthesis, Processing, and Regulation
The Nucleus
Protein Sorting and Transport
Mitochondria, Chloroplasts, and Peroxisomes
The Cytoskeleton and Cell Movement
The Plasma Membrane
Cell Walls, the Extracellular Matrix, and Cell Interactions
Cell Signaling
The Cell Cycle
Cell Death and Cell Renewal
Cancer
Introduction to Cells and Cell Research
Introduction to Cells and Cell Research
Introduction to Cells and Cell Research
Introduction to Cells and Cell Research
Introduction to Cells and Cell Research
Introduction to Cells and Cell Research
Molecules and Membranes
Molecules and Membranes
Molecules and Membranes
Molecules and Membranes
Bioenergetics and Metabolism
Bioenergetics and Metabolism
Bioenergetics and Metabolism
Fundamentals of Molecular Biology
Fundamentals of Molecular Biology
Fundamentals of Molecular Biology
Fundamentals of Molecular Biology
Fundamentals of Molecular Biology
Genomics, Proteomics, and Systems Biology
Genomics, Proteomics, and Systems Biology
Genomics, Proteomics, and Systems Biology
Genes and Genomes
Genes and Genomes
Genes and Genomes
Replication, Maintenance, and Rearrangements of Genomic DNA
Replication, Maintenance, and Rearrangements of Genomic DNA
Replication, Maintenance, and Rearrangements of Genomic DNA
Replication, Maintenance, and Rearrangements of Genomic DNA
RNA Synthesis and Processing
RNA Synthesis and Processing
RNA Synthesis and Processing
RNA Synthesis and Processing
Protein Synthesis, Processing, and Regulation
Protein Synthesis, Processing, and Regulation
Protein Synthesis, Processing, and Regulation
The Nucleus
The Nucleus
The Nucleus
Protein Sorting and Transport
Protein Sorting and Transport
Protein Sorting and Transport
Protein Sorting and Transport
Protein Sorting and Transport
Mitochondria, Chloroplasts, and Peroxisomes
Mitochondria, Chloroplasts, and Peroxisomes
Mitochondria, Chloroplasts, and Peroxisomes
The Cytoskeleton and Cell Movement
The Cytoskeleton and Cell Movement
The Cytoskeleton and Cell Movement
The Cytoskeleton and Cell Movement
The Cytoskeleton and Cell Movement
The Plasma Membrane
The Plasma Membrane
The Plasma Membrane
The Plasma Membrane
Cell Walls, the Extracellular Matrix, and Cell Interactions
Cell Walls, the Extracellular Matrix, and Cell Interactions
Cell Walls, the Extracellular Matrix, and Cell Interactions
Cell Walls, the Extracellular Matrix, and Cell Interactions
Cell Walls, the Extracellular Matrix, and Cell Interactions
Cell Signaling
Cell Signaling
Cell Signaling
Cell Signaling
The Cell Cycle
The Cell Cycle
The Cell Cycle
The Cell Cycle
Cell Death and Cell Renewal
Cell Death and Cell Renewal
Cell Death and Cell Renewal
Cell Death and Cell Renewal
Cancer
Cancer
Cancer
Introduction to Cells and Cell Research
After cells are broken apart, the subcellular constituents are fractionated using different types of centrifugation.
Molecules and Membranes
The polymerization of sugars, amino acids, and nucleotides to form polysaccharides, polypeptides, and nucleic acids, respectively, occurs through covalent bonding.
Molecules and Membranes
In a chemical reaction, an enzyme lowers the amount of energy required to reach the transition state, allowing the reaction to proceed at an accelerated rate.
Molecules and Membranes
In this example, an enzyme brings two substrates together to facilitate their reaction with each other.
Molecules and Membranes
Molecules that cross a membrane in an energetically favorable direction do so by passive transport.
Bioenergetics and Metabolism
Glycolysis is the initial stage in the breakdown of glucose, resulting in two molecules of pyruvate and a net gain of two molecules of ATP.
Bioenergetics and Metabolism
The citric acid cycle is the central pathway in oxidative metabolism and completes the oxidation of glucose to six molecules of carbon dioxide.
Bioenergetics and Metabolism
During the light reactions of photosynthesis, energy absorbed from sunlight drives the synthesis of ATP and NADPH, coupled to the oxidation of H20 to 02.
Bioenergetics and Metabolism
In the Calvin cycle of photosynthesis, six molecules of carbon dioxide are used to generate a molecule of glucose.
Fundamentals of Molecular Biology
A nonpathogenic strain of Pneumococcus can be transformed into a pathogenic strain by taking up DNA fragments from the pathogenic strain and incorporating them into its chromosome.
Fundamentals of Molecular Biology
Through a series of experiments in 1944, Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty established that the transforming principle (genetic material) is DNA.
Fundamentals of Molecular Biology
The central dogma of molecular biology, as first stated by Francis Crick, asserts that information flows from DNA to RNA, and then from RNA to protein.
Fundamentals of Molecular Biology
A single base-pair mutation in the coding region of a gene can result in a prematurely terminated polypeptide or in a polypeptide with an incorrect amino acid in its amino acid chain, depending on the particular mutation.
Fundamentals of Molecular Biology
As part of a replication cycle within a host cell, a retrovirus uses the enzyme reverse transcriptase to copy its RNA genome into DNA.
Fundamentals of Molecular Biology
Restriction endonucleases cleave DNA at specific sequences, leaving staggered or blunt ends on the resulting DNA fragments.
Fundamentals of Molecular Biology
A DNA fragment is cloned by being inserted into a vector that replicates in a host cell.
Fundamentals of Molecular Biology
One method of DNA sequencing involves a modified DNA synthesis reaction using chainterminating fluorescent nucleotides, which can be identified by automated detection systems.
Fundamentals of Molecular Biology
The polymerase chain reaction allows the production of millions of copies of a DNA fragment from just one starting DNA molecule.
Fundamentals of Molecular Biology
At high temperatures, the complementary strands of DNA separate, and then when they are cooled, they reform double-stranded molecules as dictated by complementary base pairing.
Fundamentals of Molecular Biology
DNA fragments are separated by size using gel electrophoresis, and then—as part of the Southern blotting technique—they are incubated with a labeled DNA probe to identify specific DNA fragments.
Fundamentals of Molecular Biology
Monoclonal antibodies can be made by inoculating an animal (such as a mouse) with an antigen, providing the animal time to mount an immune response, collecting the B cells from the animal, and then fusing the B cells to long-lived myeloma cells—thereby creating hybridomas that can be tested for the production of useful antibodies.
Genomics, Proteomics, and Systems Biology
In next-generation DNA sequencing, millions of templates are sequenced simultaneously, dramatically increasing the speed of sequencing.
Genomics, Proteomics, and Systems Biology
DNA microarrays allow expression of tens of thousands of genes to be analyzed simultaneously.
Genes and Genomes
In alternative splicing, the multiple exons of a gene can be joined in different combinations to produce distinct mRNAs and proteins from a single primary RNA transcript.
Replication, Maintenance, and Rearrangements of Genomic DNA
Helicase, primase, and two molecules of DNA polymerase III carry out the coordinated synthesis of both the leading and lagging strands of DNA at a replication fork.
Replication, Maintenance, and Rearrangements of Genomic DNA
During B cell development, site-specific recombination joins regions of the immunoglobulin light-chain genes, leading to the production of unique immunoglobulin light chains.
Replication, Maintenance, and Rearrangements of Genomic DNA
Site-specific recombination between three regions leads to the formation of immunoglobulin heavychain genes.
RNA Synthesis and Processing
Transcription is DNA-directed RNA synthesis, catalyzed by the enzyme RNA polymerase.
RNA Synthesis and Processing
Eukaryotic cells must process the RNA product of transcription to form a mature, translatable messenger RNA.
Transcriptional Regulation and Epigenetics
Protein Synthesis, Processing, and Regulation
Translation is RNA-directed polypeptide synthesis.
Protein Synthesis, Processing, and Regulation
By attaching a chain of ubiquitin molecules to a protein, a eukaryotic cell marks the protein for rapid degradation by a protease complex.
The Nucleus
Proteins are targeted to or from the nucleus by virtue of having nuclear localization signals or nuclear export signals, respectively, allowing the proteins to be recognized by receptors that direct their transport through the nuclear pore complex.
Protein Sorting and Transport
In mammals, proteins enter the ER primarily by a cotranslational pathway, a process that requires a signal sequence on the newly forming protein.
Protein Sorting and Transport
The Golgi apparatus is composed of flattened membrane-enclosed sacs that receive proteins from the ER, process them, and sort them to their eventual destinations.
Mitochondria, Chloroplasts, and Peroxisomes
A proplastid with inner and outer membranes develops into a mature chloroplast with a third membrane system—the thylakoid membranes.
The Cytoskeleton and Cell Movement
Actin monomers polymerize to form actin filaments, a process that is reversible and is regulated within the cell by actin-binding proteins.
The Cytoskeleton and Cell Movement
The thin filaments of skeletal muscle consist of actin filaments decorated with tropomyosin–troponin complexes covering the myosin binding sites.
The Cytoskeleton and Cell Movement
Tubulin dimers can polymerize as well as depolymerize to assemble or break down microtubules.
The Cytoskeleton and Cell Movement
The Plasma Membrane
The arrival of a nerve impulse at the terminus of a neuron triggers synaptic vesicles to fuse with the plasma membrane, thereby releasing the neurotransmitter.
The Plasma Membrane
The sodium and potassium ion gradients across the plasma membrane are maintained by the Na+-K+ pump, which hydrolyzes ATP to fuel the transport of these ions against their electrochemical gradients.
The Plasma Membrane
In endocytosis, the plasma membrane pinches off small vesicles or large vesicles (phagocytosis) to take in extracellular materials.
The Plasma Membrane
Receptor molecules in the plasma membrane cluster in clathrin-coated pits, become bound to specific macromolecules from outside the cell, and then pinch off in the form of clathrin-coated vesicles.
Cell Walls, the Extracellular Matrix, and Cell Interactions
Cell wall formation in plants requires the synthesis of cellulose chains by enzyme complexes in the plasma membrane.
Cell Signaling
In endocrine signaling, hormones act on distant target cells; in paracrine signaling, a molecule released from a cell acts on nearby targets; and in autocrine signaling, a cell produces a signaling molecule to which it also responds.
Cell Signaling
The largest family of cell surface receptors transmits signals inside the cell by activating G proteins, which bind GTP and then activate effector proteins.
Cell Signaling
In a signal transduction cascade, each enzyme activated at a stage in the cascade may activate numerous molecules of the next enzyme, quickly amplifying the response to the receptor-bound ligand.
The Cell Cycle
The cell cycle of most eukaryotic cells is divided into four discrete phases: M, G1, S, and G2.
The Cell Cycle
During early embryonic cell cycles, the cells do not grow, but instead divide into progressively smaller cells.
The Cell Cycle
Several checkpoints function throughout the cell cycle to ensure that complete genomes are transmitted to daughter cells.
The Cell Cycle
Maturation promoting factor (MPF)—consisting of cyclin B and Cdk1—regulates the transition from G2 to M phase of the cell cycle.
The Cell Cycle
Mitosis is the division of the nucleus. It consists of four phases—prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase—and is followed by the division of the cytoplasm, called cytokinesis.
The Cell Cycle
During cell division, a plant cell divides its cytoplasm by depositing Golgi vesicles containing cell wall precursors at the former site of the metaphase plate, building a larger and larger disk-like structure that grows toward and fuses with the plasma membrane.
Cell Death and Cell Renewal
Programmed cell death is an active process that usually proceeds by a distinct series of cellular changes known as apoptosis.
Cell Death and Cell Renewal
Many forms of cell stress activate the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis—a pathway that leads to the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria, the activation of caspase-9, and the subsequent death of the cell.
Cancer
A cancer begins when one altered cell gives rise to a proliferative cell population, forming a primary tumor from which cells can break away and form secondary tumors elsewhere in the body.
Cancer
Introduction to Cells and Cell Research
Paramecium caudatum feeds on bacteria and other small cells via a deep oral groove that contains compound oral cilia used to draw in food.
Introduction to Cells and Cell Research
Super-resolution microscopy techniques allow the capture of images with a higher resolution than the diffraction limit of visible light.
Molecules and Membranes
All proteins are made out of the same twenty amino acids, combined and folded in different ways—this 3D structure is critical for protein function.
Molecules and Membranes
Cholesterol molecules in a cell membrane influence the arrangement of the phospholipids in the bilayer.
Bioenergetics and Metabolism
ATP synthase generates ATP from ADP and phosphate using a rotary mechanism that turns about 150 times every second.
Fundamentals of Molecular Biology
RNA interference (RNAi) is an important process that regulates the activity of genes via small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs).
Genomics, Proteomics, and Systems Biology
C. elegans is an important model organism used in the study of molecular and developmental biology.
Replication, Maintenance, and Rearrangements of Genomic DNA
In DNA replication, both strands of the double helix act as templates for the formation of new DNA molecules, using two different mechanisms.
Replication, Maintenance, and Rearrangements of Genomic DNA
In E. coli, mismatch repair is facilitated by the lack of methylation on the newly-synthesized DNA strands.
RNA Synthesis and Processing
During transcription, DNA is read by RNA polymerase, which produces a complementary RNA strand.
RNA Synthesis and Processing
The splicing process removes non-coding regions (introns) from the RNA transcript, leaving only protein-coding regions in the final mRNA.
Transcriptional Regulation and Epigenetics
Epigenetic regulation of gene expression includes a number of different types of modification to the chromatin.
Protein Synthesis, Processing, and Regulation
In translation, mRNA is decoded by a ribosome to produce a specific amino acid sequence—a protein.
Protein Synthesis, Processing, and Regulation
Computer simulations of the complexities of protein folding have provided important insights into the process.
Protein Synthesis, Processing, and Regulation
Alzheimer's disease is characterized by the formation of beta amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, which impede neuronal communication.
The Nucleus
The nuclear pore complex consists of an assembly of spokes attached to rings surrounding a central channel.
The Nucleus
Proteins pass through the nuclear pore complex by a selective transport process.
Protein Sorting and Transport
Proteins are transported from the ER to the Golgi apparatus and from the Golgi to the plasma membrane.
Protein Sorting and Transport
Transport vesicles bud from the trans-Golgi network and deliver their secretory cargo to their destinations.
Protein Sorting and Transport
After processing in the Golgi apparatus, proteins are transported to the plasma membrane.
Protein Sorting and Transport
Transport vesicles move between the ER, Golgi, and cell membrane along cytoskeletal filaments.
Mitochondria, Chloroplasts, and Peroxisomes
In most cells, mitochondria exist as part of a large interconnected network.
Mitochondria, Chloroplasts, and Peroxisomes
Continual fusion and fission events remodel the mitochondrial network and modify morphology and function.
Mitochondria, Chloroplasts, and Peroxisomes
The Cytoskeleton and Cell Movement
Lamellipodia are sheetlike extensions at the leading edge of fibroblasts.
The Cytoskeleton and Cell Movement
Cell movement across a surface involves extension of the leading edge, attachment, and retraction.
The Cytoskeleton and Cell Movement
The formation of lamellipodia during cell movement is based on the assembly and disassembly of actin filaments.
The Cytoskeleton and Cell Movement
Vesicles are transported through the cytoplasm along microtubules by kinesin and dynein.
The Cytoskeleton and Cell Movement
Microtubules and associated motor proteins move mitochondria within the cell.
The Cytoskeleton and Cell Movement
Cilia cover the surface of some protozoans and are responsible for cell motility and directing food particles into the oral cavity.
The Cytoskeleton and Cell Movement
Flagella are used for locomotion by a variety of protozoans and by sperm.
The Cytoskeleton and Cell Movement
In animals, the coordinated motion of cilia can move fluid or mucus over a surface.
The Plasma Membrane
The plasma membrane is composed of a fluid lipid bilayer.
The Plasma Membrane
Lipid rafts are small, transient, semisolid patches in the plasma membrane composed of cholesterol and sphingolipids.
The Plasma Membrane
A clathrin-coated pit first forms on the surface of the membrane, then buds and pinches off inside the cell, forming the vesicle.
Cell Walls, the Extracellular Matrix, and Cell Interactions
Focal adhesions are large protein complexes through which mechanical force and regulatory signals are transmitted between the extracellular matrix and an interacting cell.
Cell Walls, the Extracellular Matrix, and Cell Interactions
The dynamic assembly and disassembly of focal adhesions plays a central role in cell migration.
Cell Walls, the Extracellular Matrix, and Cell Interactions
Cadherins are transmembrane proteins essential for cell–cell adhesion and are dependent on calcium ions to function.
Cell Signaling
Receptor tyrosine kinases bind many polypeptide growth factors, cytokines, and hormones to initiate signal transduction.
The Cell Cycle
Mitosis and cytokinesis together define the mitotic phase of an animal cell cycle.
The Cell Cycle
Fission yeast divide by medial fission to produce two daughter cells of equal sizes, which makes them a powerful tool in cell cycle research.
The Cell Cycle
Mitosis is the most dramatic stage of the cell cycle, corresponding to the separation of daughter chromosomes and usually ending with cell division.
The Cell Cycle
During mitosis, the chromosomes condense, the nuclear envelope breaks down, the cytoskeleton forms the mitotic spindle, and the chromosomes move to opposite poles.
The Cell Cycle
The spindle assembly checkpoint monitors the alignment of chromosomes on the metaphase spindle.
The Cell Cycle
During metaphase, the chromosomes align in the center of the spindle, and at anaphase, the sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles of the spindle.
Cell Death and Cell Renewal
Cells differentiate into a wide range of cell types, including blood cells, epithelial cells, adipocytes, vascular smooth muscle cells, nerve cells, and even beating heart muscle cells.
Cell Death and Cell Renewal
Methods have been developed to direct the differentiation of both mouse and human embryonic stem cells into various types of neurons.
Cell Death and Cell Renewal
Somatic cell nuclear transfer is used to produce clones of cells with the same genetic background as the donor nucleus.
Cell Death and Cell Renewal
Programmed cell death is an active process which usually proceeds by a distinct series of cellular changes known as apoptosis.
Cell Death and Cell Renewal
The cell surface receptor Fas plays important roles in controlling cell death in the immune system.
Cancer
Rather than responding appropriately to the signals that control normal cell behavior, cancer cells grow and divide in an uncontrolled manner.
Cancer
Tumor cells migrate over one another and grow in a disordered, multilayered pattern.
Cancer
The disruption of tumor suppressor gene expression causes the cancerous cell to divide when it should not.
Introduction to Cells and Cell Research
Fundamentals of Molecular Biology
Genes and Genomes
The Nucleus
The Nucleus
The Nucleus
Protein Sorting and Transport
Protein Sorting and Transport
Mitochondria, Chloroplasts, and Peroxisomes
Mitochondria, Chloroplasts, and Peroxisomes
The Cytoskeleton and Cell Movement
The Cytoskeleton and Cell Movement
The Cytoskeleton and Cell Movement
The Cytoskeleton and Cell Movement
The Cytoskeleton and Cell Movement
The Cytoskeleton and Cell Movement
The Cytoskeleton and Cell Movement
The Plasma Membrane
The Plasma Membrane
The Plasma Membrane
The Plasma Membrane
The Plasma Membrane
The Plasma Membrane
The Plasma Membrane
Cell Walls, the Extracellular Matrix, and Cell Interactions
Cell Walls, the Extracellular Matrix, and Cell Interactions
The Cell Cycle
Cell Death and Cell Renewal
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