Innovation and Adaptation in the Western Christian World, 600–1450 CE
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The act or ceremony of crowning a sovereign.

An outward and physical sign of an inward and spiritual grace.

An economic system characterized by private or corporate ownership of capital goods, by investments that are determined by private decision, and by prices, production, and the distribution of goods that are determined mainly by competition in a free market.

The period 1378-1417, marked by divided papal allegiances in Latin Christendom.

A medieval method of determining theological and philosophical truth by using Aristotelian logic.

A term initiated by William I to designate feudal vassals who held lands in return for service and loyalty to the king.

The act of anointing with oil as a rite of consecration.

A trade network of allied ports along the North Sea and Baltic coasts, founded in 1256.

The native, common spoken language of a particular region.

The French representative assembly, composed of the three social "estates" in France, first convened by Philip IV.

The urban-based middle class between the wealthy aristocracy and the working class.

Associations of artisans and merchants intended to protect and promote affairs of common interest.

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