Innovation and Adaptation in the Western Christian World, 600–1450 CE
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Those countries professing Christian beliefs under the primacy of the pope.

The urban-based middle class between the wealthy aristocracy and the working class.

The act of anointing with oil as a rite of consecration.

An economic system characterized by private or corporate ownership of capital goods, by investments that are determined by private decision, and by prices, production, and the distribution of goods that are determined mainly by competition in a free market.

An arrangement in which vassals were protected and maintained by their lords, usually through the granting of fiefs, and required to serve under them in war.

A trade network of allied ports along the North Sea and Baltic coasts, founded in 1256.

The native, common spoken language of a particular region.

All territories within France controlled directly by the king.

A written order issued by a court, commanding the party to whom it is addressed to perform or cease performing a specified act.

Christian celebration of the Resurrection of Christ; celebrated on the Sunday following the first full moon after the vernal equinox.

An outward and physical sign of an inward and spiritual grace.

Associations of artisans and merchants intended to protect and promote affairs of common interest.

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