Innovation and Adaptation in the Western Christian World, 600–1450 CE
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The urban-based middle class between the wealthy aristocracy and the working class.

A medieval method of determining theological and philosophical truth by using Aristotelian logic.

The act of anointing with oil as a rite of consecration.

The act or ceremony of crowning a sovereign.

Those countries professing Christian beliefs under the primacy of the pope.

All territories within France controlled directly by the king.

An outward and physical sign of an inward and spiritual grace.

Christian celebration of the Resurrection of Christ; celebrated on the Sunday following the first full moon after the vernal equinox.

The medieval European system of self-sustaining agricultural estates.

A trade network of allied ports along the North Sea and Baltic coasts, founded in 1256.

The native, common spoken language of a particular region.

A term initiated by William I to designate feudal vassals who held lands in return for service and loyalty to the king.

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