Innovation and Adaptation in the Western Christian World, 600–1450 CE
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A trade network of allied ports along the North Sea and Baltic coasts, founded in 1256.

Those countries professing Christian beliefs under the primacy of the pope.

A written order issued by a court, commanding the party to whom it is addressed to perform or cease performing a specified act.

Christian celebration of the Resurrection of Christ; celebrated on the Sunday following the first full moon after the vernal equinox.

The act of anointing with oil as a rite of consecration.

An arrangement in which vassals were protected and maintained by their lords, usually through the granting of fiefs, and required to serve under them in war.

A term initiated by William I to designate feudal vassals who held lands in return for service and loyalty to the king.

An economic system characterized by private or corporate ownership of capital goods, by investments that are determined by private decision, and by prices, production, and the distribution of goods that are determined mainly by competition in a free market.

The French representative assembly, composed of the three social "estates" in France, first convened by Philip IV.

The law of the church.

The urban-based middle class between the wealthy aristocracy and the working class.

The act or ceremony of crowning a sovereign.

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