Innovation and Adaptation in the Western Christian World, 600–1450 CE
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The urban-based middle class between the wealthy aristocracy and the working class.

The medieval European system of self-sustaining agricultural estates.

A term initiated by William I to designate feudal vassals who held lands in return for service and loyalty to the king.

An arrangement in which vassals were protected and maintained by their lords, usually through the granting of fiefs, and required to serve under them in war.

The native, common spoken language of a particular region.

All territories within France controlled directly by the king.

Christian celebration of the Resurrection of Christ; celebrated on the Sunday following the first full moon after the vernal equinox.

The law of the church.

Associations of artisans and merchants intended to protect and promote affairs of common interest.

The act or ceremony of crowning a sovereign.

The French representative assembly, composed of the three social "estates" in France, first convened by Philip IV.

An outward and physical sign of an inward and spiritual grace.

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