Initially: believer in the concordance among all prophetic messages from Abraham to Muhammad. Later on: believer who submits to the will of God (Allah).
Meditative devotion to faith, expressed in the form of prayer, ecstasy, chanting, or dancing.
Removal of all religious images from churches and monasteries during a period in the Byzantine Empire (726-787, 814-842), under orders of the emperors.
An association of self-governing states sharing similar institutional and cultural traits.
Literally "struggle (for the path of God-fi sabil Allah)," that can range from personal struggle for faith to war in the name of Islam.
Representative of God, and later of Muhammad, on earth.
The combined body of the legal verses of the Quran, the prophetic Sunna, and the legal commentaries of the 800s and 900s, covering law as well as morality.
The paradigmatic "path" of Muhammad's traditions which, if trodden by believers, will lead to salvation.
The partaking of bread and wine in commemoration of Jesus Christ's last supper. Byzantium accused Rome of serving the flat Middle Eastern bread which it denounced as "Jewish," in reference to Lev. 23:4–8.
Community of all who believe in one God, with Muhammad as their prophet, and reject pagan idolatry (ignorance, jahiliyya) or associationism (shirk), such as the Christian doctrine of Trinity.
Eastern Christianity allows clerical marriage and the wearing of beards.
Christianity based on the doctrine of God the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit.
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