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Return to Beginning Research in Political Science 2e Student Resources
Chapter 4 Quiz
Quiz Content
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What word is often useful in the writing of theory?
Because
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Prove
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Null
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Always
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Which of the following is not a requirement to establish causality?
The observed caused and the observed effect must be empirically correlated
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The observed cause must precede the effect
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The correlation between the two variables cannot be explained away by a third variable
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The relationship between the two variables must be spurious
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Where do research hypotheses come from?
From a theory about the relationship between two variables
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From spurious relationships among variables
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From observed correlations
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From the null hypothesis
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Because we accept we cannot correctly predict all social behavior, theories in political science are
deterministic
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generalizable
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probabilistic
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testable
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An individualistic fallacy is
inferring a characteristic about a group based on observations from only one case
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inferring a characteristic about a group based on observations from multiple cases
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inferring a characteristic about one case based on trends from multiple cases
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inferring a characteristic about one case based on trends from only one case
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Which of the following is not a source of theory?
inductive reasoning
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deductive reasoning
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other scholars' literature
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hypothesis
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A generalized explanation for an observable outcome is known as a
hypothesis
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individualistic fallacy
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theory
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ecological fallacy
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What is a deterministic theory?
One that posits that an outcome is the only possible result associated with a particular cause
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One that posits that an outcome is more or less likely given a particular cause
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One that posits that outcomes are not predictable
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One that posits that outcomes are usually spurious
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Which of the following is an example of a null hypothesis?
There is no relationship between political corruption and violence
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People who have less information about the political process are less likely to be interested in politics than people who have more information about the political process.
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People who were not politically socialized as children will exhibit a lower interest in politics as adults than people who were politically socialized as children.
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People who are intimidated by the political process are less likely to be interested in politics than people who are not intimidated by the political process.
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When a relationship is spurious,
the two variables under investigation are not empirically correlated
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the relationship is deterministic
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the two variables cannot be included as independent variables
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the correlation between two variables is not a causal one
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Probabilistic theories suggest
that an outcome is by definition the only possible result associated with a particular cause.
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that the likelihood of an event occurring is either higher or lower for a particular reason
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the absence of a certain value of one or more independent variables.
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that a theory should be applicable to as many contexts as possible and not only to the set of observations that were included in the original study.
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Causal explanations establish:
Cause and effect
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Correlation
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Generalizability
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Inductive observations
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Inductive observations involve:
a general premise that is used to generate expectations about how variables are related to one another.
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inferring a characteristic about a group based on observations from only one individual or case.
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information you have at your immediate disposal.
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devising a number of plausible explanations that might have some power in explaining why there is variation in the dependent variable.
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Insights from the literature:
are not helpful in developing theory
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should not be used in developing theory since an original theory must come from the researcher
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should only be in the literature review
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can help a researcher shape the theory about the relationship between the variables in an analysis
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What is explanatory power?
the power of a theory to explain as much of an outcome as possible
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the actual theory itself
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a series of research hypotheses derived from a theory
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the comparison of the null hypothesis to the research hypothesis
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A testable hypothesis is one that can be
evaluated based on empirical data
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applied to as many contexts as possible
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free of ecological fallacies
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free of individualistic fallacies
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What is the difference between a null hypothesis and a research hypothesis?
The former only applies to antecedent variables and the latter to intervening variables.
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The null hypothesis establishes that there is no relationship between the independent and dependent variables and the research hypothesis is the expectation of how two or more variables are related.
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The research hypothesis establishes that there is no relationship between the independent and dependent variables and the null hypothesis is the expectation of how two or more variables are related.
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The null hypothesis and the research hypothesis are the same.
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What is the difference between a theory and a hypothesis?
A theory is a testable mechanism for determining causation, whereas a hypothesis is an explanation for a theory.
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A theory consists of variables whereas a hypothesis consists of ideas.
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A theory is a generalized explanation for an observable outcome, and a hypothesis is an expectation of how two or more variables are related.
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A theory is an expectation, whereas a hypothesis is a generalized expectation.
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What is the abbreviation for a null hypothesis?
H1
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N1
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H0
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N0
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Observational studies:
attempt to establish causality among variables after events have already occurred
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attempt to establish causality by using an experimental design
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attempt to support null hypotheses
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attempt to create spurious results
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