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1. Explain how the Kalam argument is supposed to show that the universe had a beginning.
2. To show that simultaneous causation is possible, Rowe gives Kant’s example of a heavy ball that causes a depression in a cushion by resting on the cushion. What is simultaneous causation? Do you agree that Kant’s example shows that simultaneous causation is possible? Why or why not?
3. Explain what Rowe means when he says that “in inferring from what appears to us to have been caused (our universe) to the nature of the being that caused it, we cannot simply assume the being to have properties that aren’t in any way required for it to be successful in being the cause of the universe.” What does this claim have to do with Rowe’s interpretation of the Kalam argument?