* not completed

. In a comparison of plant and animal development, it is found that

animals evolved from plants, and animal developmental strategies are derived from those of plants. correct incorrect

fully differentiated cells of plants are still totipotent, and will readily form a complete fertile plant, whereas the differentiated state of animal cells is difficult to reverse. correct incorrect

gene regulation evolved later than the split between plants and animals, and is executed differently in the two kingdoms. correct incorrect

basic metabolic pathways and intracellular structures evolved separately in plants and animals and are fundamentally different correct incorrect

* not completed

. How many protein-coding genes are present in the genome of humans, Drosophila melanogaster, Caenorhabditis elegans, and Arabidopsis thaliana, respectively.

19,000 - 27,000 - 14,000 - 19,000 correct incorrect

20,000 - 14,000 - 19,000 - 27,000 correct incorrect

27,000 - 21,000 - 19,000 - 14,000 correct incorrect

14,000 - 19,000 - 21,000 - 27,000 correct incorrect

* not completed

. Why has the diploid genome been an advantage in studying the development of Arabidopsis?

It is assumed that polyploidy plants use developmental mechanisms that are unlike those of animals, whereas the developmental mechanisms used by Arabidopsis are identical to those of animals, since both are diploid. correct incorrect

The diploid genome of Arabidopsis provides a marker for the Arabidopsis cells in chimeras made with other plants. correct incorrect

The diploid genome allows genetic analysis of development like that carried out in Drosophila and mice in animals. correct incorrect

The development of polyploid plants is too variable to be of any use in studies of development. correct incorrect

* not completed

. Embryogenesis in plants occurs

in the ovule, after the seed is fertilized and shed by the plant correct incorrect

in the seed after it germinates correct incorrect

in the seed, after the seed is fertilized correct incorrect

inside the ovule, before the seed is shed by the plant correct incorrect

* not completed

. The fate map of the Arabidopsis embryo at the heart stage indicates that

although none of the adult structures has formed, the regions that will give rise to the meristems, which will in turn give rise to adult structures, can be identified correct incorrect

development in plants is so indeterminate that a true fate map cannot be drawn correct incorrect

the primordia of the leaves, stems, and roots have already formed correct incorrect

the three germ layers that will give rise to roots, stems, and leaves have formed correct incorrect

* not completed

. One of the earliest events in Arabidopsis development is formation of the _____ axis, in response to a gradient of _____.

adaxial-abaxial, cytokinins correct incorrect

apical-basal, auxin correct incorrect

apical-basal, Pin proteins correct incorrect

dorsal-ventral, miRNA correct incorrect

* not completed

. Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding the auxin response in plants

Auxin is transported from basal cells to apical cells by PIN7 correct incorrect

Expression of WOX2 and WOX8 is required for an auxin gradient correct incorrect

In the presence of auxin, AUX/IAA proteins bind to AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR (ARF) to promote transcription of auxin response genes correct incorrect

Auxin promotes degradation of AUX/IAA proteins correct incorrect

* not completed

. Which statement is true about the totipotency of cells?

All animal and plant cells are totipotent. correct incorrect

In plants, many cells are totipotent, whereas in animals, only the fertilized egg is totipotent. correct incorrect

Mammalian embryonic stem cells are totipotent. correct incorrect

Only the stem cells of animals, and the meristem cells of plants are totipotent. correct incorrect

* not completed

. Which of the following mechanisms contributes to the maintenance of the shoot meristem in adult Arabidopsis plants?

The transcription factor MONOPTEROS is expressed in shoot meristem cells and maintains them in their undifferentiated state. correct incorrect

Shoot meristem cells secrete auxin. correct incorrect

The transcription factor WUSCHEL is expressed in the organizing center and initiates a signal to the overlying cells to behave as stem cells. correct incorrect

All of the options given are involved in the specification and maintenance of shoot meristems. correct incorrect

* not completed

. Refer to Figure 13.18 on page 630 in the text: in the lower portion of the figure, where would leaf primordium #7 appear?

directly on the proximal (toward the center) side of leaf primordium #6 correct incorrect

directly opposite leaf primordium #6, at the proximal junction of leaf primordia #4 and #5 correct incorrect

directly opposite leaf primordium #6, on the distal (toward the outside) side of the junction of leaf primordia #1 and #2 correct incorrect

adjacent to leaf primordium #6, on the proximal side of primordium #4 correct incorrect

on the opposite, distal, side of leaf primordium #3, relative to leaf primordium #6 correct incorrect

* not completed

. What is meant by the word 'whorl' in discussing floral development?

Flowers consist of four different types of organs, which occur in concentric rings called 'whorls.' correct incorrect

The floral meristem has to rotate during flower formation, giving the process the name 'whorl.' correct incorrect

The flowers of Arabidopsis appear as the stem elongates in a pattern called a 'whorl.' correct incorrect

The six stamens in a dicot flower like that of Arabidopsis form a ring that is called the flower's 'whorl.' correct incorrect

* not completed

. The agamous mutation causes the formation of

flowers with only petals and sepals correct incorrect

flowers with only sepals and carpels correct incorrect

flowers with only stamens and carpels correct incorrect

plants completely lacking flowers correct incorrect

* not completed

. In what way are the homeotic genes of flowering plants similar to those of Drosophila and other animals?

All homeotic genes encode transcription factors of the homeobox class. correct incorrect

Homeotic genes in both plants and animals encode transcription factors of the MADS-box type. correct incorrect

Mutations in the homeotic genes of flowers cause transformation of one organ into another. correct incorrect

The homeotic genes of flowers are derived during evolution from the same primordial genes used in animals. correct incorrect

* not completed

. How is the ABC model for floral identity in Arabidopsis reminiscent of the models for homeotic gene function derived from studies in Drosophila?

In both organisms, each homeobox gene specifies the identity of a different region of the adult. correct incorrect

In both organisms, one homeotic gene is expressed at the two ends, a second expressed in domains more central to that of the first, and a third expressed most centrally, thus contributing unambiguous identities to all regions of the organism. correct incorrect

In both organisms, it is often the combination of genes present that is critical in unambiguously specifying structures in the adult. correct incorrect

The key responsibility of the homeotic genes in both organisms is the patterning of antero-posterior identity. correct incorrect

* not completed

. How is the CONSTANS gene and its encoded protein involved in translating day length into a signal that coverts a vegetative shoot meristem into a floral meristem?

CONSTANS protein is degraded in the dark, but accumulates in the leaves as the days get longer. correct incorrect

CONSTANS protein is degraded in the light, and so accumulates in the leaves as the days get shorter. correct incorrect

Peak expression of CONSTANS occurs at mid-morning. correct incorrect

The CONSTANS gene regulates the circadian clock. correct incorrect