Chapter 12 Self-test questions

Growth, post-embryonic development and regeneration

Quiz Content

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. In developmental biology, what is meant by the concept of "growth"?

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. What will be the result of grafting a limb bud from a large species of the salamander Ambystoma onto a smaller species?

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. Many cells in the body divide only rarely, if at all; neurons, red blood cells, and keratinocytes are extreme examples. In which portion of the cell cycle would such cells be considered to be?

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. The size of a cell is generally controlled by the amount of DNA in the nucleus: the more DNA, the larger the cell. What do animals in which the amount of DNA is naturally doubled, such as tetraploid salamanders, tell us about growth control?

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. Cancer is believed to often arise from stem cells, rather than fully differentiated cells. Which of the following is consistent with this view?

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. Which of the following statements is true?

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. Disease, injuries, and birth defects that compromise the function of the pituitary may lead to decreased stature (height). What treatment might be prescribed, and what would be its rationale?

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. Growth is stimulated by which of the following signaling molecules?

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. Ossification in the long bones in vertebrates starts in the

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. Adult human bone:

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. What are osteoblasts?

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. Molting in insects and other arthropods is triggered by

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. Metamorphosis in amphibians is triggered by environmental cues that act on the:

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. Epimorphosis is regeneration through

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. When the blastema forms after amputation of a newt limb, what processes must the cells undergo in order for regeneration to occur?

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. Is regeneration in Hydra similar to regeneration in vertebrates, or is it fundamentally different in some way?

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. What molecular marker of head identity is found in the apical tip of a Hydra during head regeneration?

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. If the nerve supply to a newt limb is severed before amputation, how will this affect regeneration?

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. What is the result of grafting a blastema derived from a distal amputation onto a stump that has been amputated at a proximal position?

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. How does the dose-dependence of retinoic acid treatment support the notion that a gradient of retinoic acid can act as a morphogen along the proximo-distal axis in the limb?

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. What is especially exciting about research into regeneration in zebrafish?

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. Which signaling pathway seems to have a role in aging in animals as different as worms and mice?

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. Which of the following is consistent with a model of aging in which stresses leading to DNA damage cause senescence?

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. What does it tell us about aging that cells from different organisms are capable of a fixed number of divisions in culture, and that the number of divisions reflects the relative life span of the organism?

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. Puberty is initiated by the pulse release of _____________(hormone).

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