The belief that material reality exists independently of the people who observe it.
A philosophy advocated by Auguste Comte that favors the careful empirical observation of natural phenomena and human behavior over metaphysics.
An economic system in which markets are self-regulating and largely free of governmental regulations.
The investigation of truth by discussion; in Hegel's thought, the belief that a higher truth is comprehended by a continuous unification of opposites.
The philosophical doctrine that holds that nothing exists except matter.
European intellectual movement (1700-1800) growing out of the New Sciences and based largely on Descartes's concept of reality consisting of the two separate substances of matter and mind.
A form of nationalism in which the nation is defined by a common language, a common faith, and a common ethnic ancestry.
Intellectual and artistic movement that emphasized emotion and imagination over reason and sought the sublime in nature.
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