Innovation and Adaptation in the Western Christian World, 600–1450 CE
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Those countries professing Christian beliefs under the primacy of the pope.

A representative assembly in England that, by the fourteenth century, was composed of great lords (both lay and ecclesiastical) and representatives from two other groups: shire knights and town burgesses.

A medieval method of determining theological and philosophical truth by using Aristotelian logic.

The medieval European system of self-sustaining agricultural estates.

The native, common spoken language of a particular region.

The urban-based middle class between the wealthy aristocracy and the working class.

Associations of artisans and merchants intended to protect and promote affairs of common interest.

An outward and physical sign of an inward and spiritual grace.

The law of the church.

The period 1378-1417, marked by divided papal allegiances in Latin Christendom.

Christian celebration of the Resurrection of Christ; celebrated on the Sunday following the first full moon after the vernal equinox.

A term initiated by William I to designate feudal vassals who held lands in return for service and loyalty to the king.

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