Innovation and Adaptation in the Western Christian World, 600–1450 CE
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The urban-based middle class between the wealthy aristocracy and the working class.

Associations of artisans and merchants intended to protect and promote affairs of common interest.

A written order issued by a court, commanding the party to whom it is addressed to perform or cease performing a specified act.

Those countries professing Christian beliefs under the primacy of the pope.

All territories within France controlled directly by the king.

The law of the church.

Christian celebration of the Resurrection of Christ; celebrated on the Sunday following the first full moon after the vernal equinox.

The medieval European system of self-sustaining agricultural estates.

The native, common spoken language of a particular region.

A medieval method of determining theological and philosophical truth by using Aristotelian logic.

An outward and physical sign of an inward and spiritual grace.

A representative assembly in England that, by the fourteenth century, was composed of great lords (both lay and ecclesiastical) and representatives from two other groups: shire knights and town burgesses.

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