Innovation and Adaptation in the Western Christian World, 600–1450 CE
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Associations of artisans and merchants intended to protect and promote affairs of common interest.

A written order issued by a court, commanding the party to whom it is addressed to perform or cease performing a specified act.

The medieval European system of self-sustaining agricultural estates.

Those countries professing Christian beliefs under the primacy of the pope.

The act or ceremony of crowning a sovereign.

A representative assembly in England that, by the fourteenth century, was composed of great lords (both lay and ecclesiastical) and representatives from two other groups: shire knights and town burgesses.

All territories within France controlled directly by the king.

A medieval method of determining theological and philosophical truth by using Aristotelian logic.

The French representative assembly, composed of the three social "estates" in France, first convened by Philip IV.

The act of anointing with oil as a rite of consecration.

The native, common spoken language of a particular region.

The law of the church.

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