Innovation and Adaptation in the Western Christian World, 600–1450 CE
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Associations of artisans and merchants intended to protect and promote affairs of common interest.

A term initiated by William I to designate feudal vassals who held lands in return for service and loyalty to the king.

The native, common spoken language of a particular region.

The act or ceremony of crowning a sovereign.

The medieval European system of self-sustaining agricultural estates.

Christian celebration of the Resurrection of Christ; celebrated on the Sunday following the first full moon after the vernal equinox.

A medieval method of determining theological and philosophical truth by using Aristotelian logic.

The urban-based middle class between the wealthy aristocracy and the working class.

Those countries professing Christian beliefs under the primacy of the pope.

All territories within France controlled directly by the king.

The law of the church.

The act of anointing with oil as a rite of consecration.

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