Innovation and Adaptation in the Western Christian World, 600–1450 CE
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The period 1378-1417, marked by divided papal allegiances in Latin Christendom.

The act or ceremony of crowning a sovereign.

The native, common spoken language of a particular region.

A term initiated by William I to designate feudal vassals who held lands in return for service and loyalty to the king.

A medieval method of determining theological and philosophical truth by using Aristotelian logic.

A written order issued by a court, commanding the party to whom it is addressed to perform or cease performing a specified act.

The urban-based middle class between the wealthy aristocracy and the working class.

The act of anointing with oil as a rite of consecration.

Those countries professing Christian beliefs under the primacy of the pope.

An economic system characterized by private or corporate ownership of capital goods, by investments that are determined by private decision, and by prices, production, and the distribution of goods that are determined mainly by competition in a free market.

The law of the church.

A trade network of allied ports along the North Sea and Baltic coasts, founded in 1256.

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