Associations of artisans and merchants intended to protect and promote affairs of common interest.
A trade network of allied ports along the North Sea and Baltic coasts, founded in 1256.
The French representative assembly, composed of the three social "estates" in France, first convened by Philip IV.
A medieval method of determining theological and philosophical truth by using Aristotelian logic.
A term initiated by William I to designate feudal vassals who held lands in return for service and loyalty to the king.
All territories within France controlled directly by the king.
An outward and physical sign of an inward and spiritual grace.
A written order issued by a court, commanding the party to whom it is addressed to perform or cease performing a specified act.
The period 1378-1417, marked by divided papal allegiances in Latin Christendom.
The act of anointing with oil as a rite of consecration.
An arrangement in which vassals were protected and maintained by their lords, usually through the granting of fiefs, and required to serve under them in war.
Those countries professing Christian beliefs under the primacy of the pope.
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