The French representative assembly, composed of the three social "estates" in France, first convened by Philip IV.
The medieval European system of self-sustaining agricultural estates.
A term initiated by William I to designate feudal vassals who held lands in return for service and loyalty to the king.
An economic system characterized by private or corporate ownership of capital goods, by investments that are determined by private decision, and by prices, production, and the distribution of goods that are determined mainly by competition in a free market.
A trade network of allied ports along the North Sea and Baltic coasts, founded in 1256.
The act or ceremony of crowning a sovereign.
A written order issued by a court, commanding the party to whom it is addressed to perform or cease performing a specified act.
Those countries professing Christian beliefs under the primacy of the pope.
The native, common spoken language of a particular region.
A medieval method of determining theological and philosophical truth by using Aristotelian logic.
The urban-based middle class between the wealthy aristocracy and the working class.
All territories within France controlled directly by the king.
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