Innovation and Adaptation in the Western Christian World, 600–1450 CE
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The native, common spoken language of a particular region.

An economic system characterized by private or corporate ownership of capital goods, by investments that are determined by private decision, and by prices, production, and the distribution of goods that are determined mainly by competition in a free market.

A medieval method of determining theological and philosophical truth by using Aristotelian logic.

An outward and physical sign of an inward and spiritual grace.

The law of the church.

Those countries professing Christian beliefs under the primacy of the pope.

An arrangement in which vassals were protected and maintained by their lords, usually through the granting of fiefs, and required to serve under them in war.

The medieval European system of self-sustaining agricultural estates.

All territories within France controlled directly by the king.

The act or ceremony of crowning a sovereign.

A trade network of allied ports along the North Sea and Baltic coasts, founded in 1256.

Associations of artisans and merchants intended to protect and promote affairs of common interest.

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