Innovation and Adaptation in the Western Christian World, 600–1450 CE
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The urban-based middle class between the wealthy aristocracy and the working class.

An economic system characterized by private or corporate ownership of capital goods, by investments that are determined by private decision, and by prices, production, and the distribution of goods that are determined mainly by competition in a free market.

A representative assembly in England that, by the fourteenth century, was composed of great lords (both lay and ecclesiastical) and representatives from two other groups: shire knights and town burgesses.

A trade network of allied ports along the North Sea and Baltic coasts, founded in 1256.

The act or ceremony of crowning a sovereign.

Christian celebration of the Resurrection of Christ; celebrated on the Sunday following the first full moon after the vernal equinox.

An outward and physical sign of an inward and spiritual grace.

The native, common spoken language of a particular region.

A written order issued by a court, commanding the party to whom it is addressed to perform or cease performing a specified act.

Those countries professing Christian beliefs under the primacy of the pope.

The act of anointing with oil as a rite of consecration.

An arrangement in which vassals were protected and maintained by their lords, usually through the granting of fiefs, and required to serve under them in war.

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