Innovation and Adaptation in the Western Christian World, 600–1450 CE
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The act or ceremony of crowning a sovereign.

The act of anointing with oil as a rite of consecration.

The native, common spoken language of a particular region.

A written order issued by a court, commanding the party to whom it is addressed to perform or cease performing a specified act.

The law of the church.

The period 1378-1417, marked by divided papal allegiances in Latin Christendom.

The medieval European system of self-sustaining agricultural estates.

A representative assembly in England that, by the fourteenth century, was composed of great lords (both lay and ecclesiastical) and representatives from two other groups: shire knights and town burgesses.

An economic system characterized by private or corporate ownership of capital goods, by investments that are determined by private decision, and by prices, production, and the distribution of goods that are determined mainly by competition in a free market.

The urban-based middle class between the wealthy aristocracy and the working class.

A term initiated by William I to designate feudal vassals who held lands in return for service and loyalty to the king.

An outward and physical sign of an inward and spiritual grace.

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