Innovation and Adaptation in the Western Christian World, 600–1450 CE
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All territories within France controlled directly by the king.

A written order issued by a court, commanding the party to whom it is addressed to perform or cease performing a specified act.

A medieval method of determining theological and philosophical truth by using Aristotelian logic.

The law of the church.

The French representative assembly, composed of the three social "estates" in France, first convened by Philip IV.

An outward and physical sign of an inward and spiritual grace.

The native, common spoken language of a particular region.

Associations of artisans and merchants intended to protect and promote affairs of common interest.

Christian celebration of the Resurrection of Christ; celebrated on the Sunday following the first full moon after the vernal equinox.

The medieval European system of self-sustaining agricultural estates.

An arrangement in which vassals were protected and maintained by their lords, usually through the granting of fiefs, and required to serve under them in war.

The period 1378-1417, marked by divided papal allegiances in Latin Christendom.

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