Innovation and Adaptation in the Western Christian World, 600–1450 CE
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A medieval method of determining theological and philosophical truth by using Aristotelian logic.

The period 1378-1417, marked by divided papal allegiances in Latin Christendom.

A written order issued by a court, commanding the party to whom it is addressed to perform or cease performing a specified act.

Christian celebration of the Resurrection of Christ; celebrated on the Sunday following the first full moon after the vernal equinox.

The medieval European system of self-sustaining agricultural estates.

An arrangement in which vassals were protected and maintained by their lords, usually through the granting of fiefs, and required to serve under them in war.

The native, common spoken language of a particular region.

The urban-based middle class between the wealthy aristocracy and the working class.

The act of anointing with oil as a rite of consecration.

A trade network of allied ports along the North Sea and Baltic coasts, founded in 1256.

All territories within France controlled directly by the king.

The French representative assembly, composed of the three social "estates" in France, first convened by Philip IV.

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