Innovation and Adaptation in the Western Christian World, 600–1450 CE
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A term initiated by William I to designate feudal vassals who held lands in return for service and loyalty to the king.

Those countries professing Christian beliefs under the primacy of the pope.

The act or ceremony of crowning a sovereign.

The act of anointing with oil as a rite of consecration.

A representative assembly in England that, by the fourteenth century, was composed of great lords (both lay and ecclesiastical) and representatives from two other groups: shire knights and town burgesses.

The French representative assembly, composed of the three social "estates" in France, first convened by Philip IV.

A trade network of allied ports along the North Sea and Baltic coasts, founded in 1256.

The urban-based middle class between the wealthy aristocracy and the working class.

The native, common spoken language of a particular region.

Christian celebration of the Resurrection of Christ; celebrated on the Sunday following the first full moon after the vernal equinox.

A written order issued by a court, commanding the party to whom it is addressed to perform or cease performing a specified act.

A medieval method of determining theological and philosophical truth by using Aristotelian logic.

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