Chapter 11 Matching Exercise

Innovation and Adaptation in the Western Christian World, 600–1450 CE
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A term initiated by William I to designate feudal vassals who held lands in return for service and loyalty to the king.

The urban-based middle class between the wealthy aristocracy and the working class.

The French representative assembly, composed of the three social "estates" in France, first convened by Philip IV.

A written order issued by a court, commanding the party to whom it is addressed to perform or cease performing a specified act.

Associations of artisans and merchants intended to protect and promote affairs of common interest.

Those countries professing Christian beliefs under the primacy of the pope.

A medieval method of determining theological and philosophical truth by using Aristotelian logic.

An arrangement in which vassals were protected and maintained by their lords, usually through the granting of fiefs, and required to serve under them in war.

The native, common spoken language of a particular region.

An outward and physical sign of an inward and spiritual grace.

A representative assembly in England that, by the fourteenth century, was composed of great lords (both lay and ecclesiastical) and representatives from two other groups: shire knights and town burgesses.

The act or ceremony of crowning a sovereign.

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