The French representative assembly, composed of the three social "estates" in France, first convened by Philip IV.
The medieval European system of self-sustaining agricultural estates.
The native, common spoken language of a particular region.
All territories within France controlled directly by the king.
A written order issued by a court, commanding the party to whom it is addressed to perform or cease performing a specified act.
A representative assembly in England that, by the fourteenth century, was composed of great lords (both lay and ecclesiastical) and representatives from two other groups: shire knights and town burgesses.
A trade network of allied ports along the North Sea and Baltic coasts, founded in 1256.
The urban-based middle class between the wealthy aristocracy and the working class.
The period 1378-1417, marked by divided papal allegiances in Latin Christendom.
The law of the church.
A term initiated by William I to designate feudal vassals who held lands in return for service and loyalty to the king.
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