Innovation and Adaptation in the Western Christian World, 600–1450 CE
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The period 1378-1417, marked by divided papal allegiances in Latin Christendom.

An arrangement in which vassals were protected and maintained by their lords, usually through the granting of fiefs, and required to serve under them in war.

Those countries professing Christian beliefs under the primacy of the pope.

An outward and physical sign of an inward and spiritual grace.

The law of the church.

A medieval method of determining theological and philosophical truth by using Aristotelian logic.

An economic system characterized by private or corporate ownership of capital goods, by investments that are determined by private decision, and by prices, production, and the distribution of goods that are determined mainly by competition in a free market.

Christian celebration of the Resurrection of Christ; celebrated on the Sunday following the first full moon after the vernal equinox.

A term initiated by William I to designate feudal vassals who held lands in return for service and loyalty to the king.

Associations of artisans and merchants intended to protect and promote affairs of common interest.

A trade network of allied ports along the North Sea and Baltic coasts, founded in 1256.

All territories within France controlled directly by the king.

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