Innovation and Adaptation in the Western Christian World, 600–1450 CE
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The medieval European system of self-sustaining agricultural estates.

A trade network of allied ports along the North Sea and Baltic coasts, founded in 1256.

Christian celebration of the Resurrection of Christ; celebrated on the Sunday following the first full moon after the vernal equinox.

The law of the church.

The native, common spoken language of a particular region.

An outward and physical sign of an inward and spiritual grace.

A representative assembly in England that, by the fourteenth century, was composed of great lords (both lay and ecclesiastical) and representatives from two other groups: shire knights and town burgesses.

A term initiated by William I to designate feudal vassals who held lands in return for service and loyalty to the king.

The urban-based middle class between the wealthy aristocracy and the working class.

All territories within France controlled directly by the king.

A medieval method of determining theological and philosophical truth by using Aristotelian logic.

The act of anointing with oil as a rite of consecration.

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