Innovation and Adaptation in the Western Christian World, 600–1450 CE
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The law of the church.

A medieval method of determining theological and philosophical truth by using Aristotelian logic.

An outward and physical sign of an inward and spiritual grace.

The French representative assembly, composed of the three social "estates" in France, first convened by Philip IV.

A representative assembly in England that, by the fourteenth century, was composed of great lords (both lay and ecclesiastical) and representatives from two other groups: shire knights and town burgesses.

A written order issued by a court, commanding the party to whom it is addressed to perform or cease performing a specified act.

All territories within France controlled directly by the king.

The period 1378-1417, marked by divided papal allegiances in Latin Christendom.

The act or ceremony of crowning a sovereign.

The medieval European system of self-sustaining agricultural estates.

Associations of artisans and merchants intended to protect and promote affairs of common interest.

The native, common spoken language of a particular region.

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