Innovation and Adaptation in the Western Christian World, 600–1450 CE
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A medieval method of determining theological and philosophical truth by using Aristotelian logic.

The medieval European system of self-sustaining agricultural estates.

A written order issued by a court, commanding the party to whom it is addressed to perform or cease performing a specified act.

An arrangement in which vassals were protected and maintained by their lords, usually through the granting of fiefs, and required to serve under them in war.

The urban-based middle class between the wealthy aristocracy and the working class.

An economic system characterized by private or corporate ownership of capital goods, by investments that are determined by private decision, and by prices, production, and the distribution of goods that are determined mainly by competition in a free market.

Those countries professing Christian beliefs under the primacy of the pope.

Christian celebration of the Resurrection of Christ; celebrated on the Sunday following the first full moon after the vernal equinox.

The act of anointing with oil as a rite of consecration.

The law of the church.

A representative assembly in England that, by the fourteenth century, was composed of great lords (both lay and ecclesiastical) and representatives from two other groups: shire knights and town burgesses.

The native, common spoken language of a particular region.

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