Innovation and Adaptation in the Western Christian World, 600–1450 CE
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The period 1378-1417, marked by divided papal allegiances in Latin Christendom.

A medieval method of determining theological and philosophical truth by using Aristotelian logic.

An economic system characterized by private or corporate ownership of capital goods, by investments that are determined by private decision, and by prices, production, and the distribution of goods that are determined mainly by competition in a free market.

A term initiated by William I to designate feudal vassals who held lands in return for service and loyalty to the king.

The act or ceremony of crowning a sovereign.

The medieval European system of self-sustaining agricultural estates.

Those countries professing Christian beliefs under the primacy of the pope.

The native, common spoken language of a particular region.

The act of anointing with oil as a rite of consecration.

A written order issued by a court, commanding the party to whom it is addressed to perform or cease performing a specified act.

An arrangement in which vassals were protected and maintained by their lords, usually through the granting of fiefs, and required to serve under them in war.

An outward and physical sign of an inward and spiritual grace.

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