Innovation and Adaptation in the Western Christian World, 600–1450 CE
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A representative assembly in England that, by the fourteenth century, was composed of great lords (both lay and ecclesiastical) and representatives from two other groups: shire knights and town burgesses.

The native, common spoken language of a particular region.

The act or ceremony of crowning a sovereign.

The French representative assembly, composed of the three social "estates" in France, first convened by Philip IV.

An outward and physical sign of an inward and spiritual grace.

A medieval method of determining theological and philosophical truth by using Aristotelian logic.

An arrangement in which vassals were protected and maintained by their lords, usually through the granting of fiefs, and required to serve under them in war.

Christian celebration of the Resurrection of Christ; celebrated on the Sunday following the first full moon after the vernal equinox.

Those countries professing Christian beliefs under the primacy of the pope.

A trade network of allied ports along the North Sea and Baltic coasts, founded in 1256.

A term initiated by William I to designate feudal vassals who held lands in return for service and loyalty to the king.

A written order issued by a court, commanding the party to whom it is addressed to perform or cease performing a specified act.

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