Innovation and Adaptation in the Western Christian World, 600–1450 CE
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The native, common spoken language of a particular region.

The law of the church.

An arrangement in which vassals were protected and maintained by their lords, usually through the granting of fiefs, and required to serve under them in war.

A written order issued by a court, commanding the party to whom it is addressed to perform or cease performing a specified act.

Those countries professing Christian beliefs under the primacy of the pope.

A term initiated by William I to designate feudal vassals who held lands in return for service and loyalty to the king.

The urban-based middle class between the wealthy aristocracy and the working class.

An outward and physical sign of an inward and spiritual grace.

The medieval European system of self-sustaining agricultural estates.

An economic system characterized by private or corporate ownership of capital goods, by investments that are determined by private decision, and by prices, production, and the distribution of goods that are determined mainly by competition in a free market.

The act or ceremony of crowning a sovereign.

All territories within France controlled directly by the king.

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