Innovation and Adaptation in the Western Christian World, 600–1450 CE
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The law of the church.

The period 1378-1417, marked by divided papal allegiances in Latin Christendom.

An arrangement in which vassals were protected and maintained by their lords, usually through the granting of fiefs, and required to serve under them in war.

The native, common spoken language of a particular region.

The act of anointing with oil as a rite of consecration.

A medieval method of determining theological and philosophical truth by using Aristotelian logic.

An economic system characterized by private or corporate ownership of capital goods, by investments that are determined by private decision, and by prices, production, and the distribution of goods that are determined mainly by competition in a free market.

All territories within France controlled directly by the king.

The medieval European system of self-sustaining agricultural estates.

The French representative assembly, composed of the three social "estates" in France, first convened by Philip IV.

A trade network of allied ports along the North Sea and Baltic coasts, founded in 1256.

Associations of artisans and merchants intended to protect and promote affairs of common interest.

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