Innovation and Adaptation in the Western Christian World, 600–1450 CE
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The French representative assembly, composed of the three social "estates" in France, first convened by Philip IV.

An economic system characterized by private or corporate ownership of capital goods, by investments that are determined by private decision, and by prices, production, and the distribution of goods that are determined mainly by competition in a free market.

All territories within France controlled directly by the king.

The medieval European system of self-sustaining agricultural estates.

The act or ceremony of crowning a sovereign.

Those countries professing Christian beliefs under the primacy of the pope.

The act of anointing with oil as a rite of consecration.

An arrangement in which vassals were protected and maintained by their lords, usually through the granting of fiefs, and required to serve under them in war.

A medieval method of determining theological and philosophical truth by using Aristotelian logic.

The urban-based middle class between the wealthy aristocracy and the working class.

Associations of artisans and merchants intended to protect and promote affairs of common interest.

The native, common spoken language of a particular region.

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