Innovation and Adaptation in the Western Christian World, 600–1450 CE
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An economic system characterized by private or corporate ownership of capital goods, by investments that are determined by private decision, and by prices, production, and the distribution of goods that are determined mainly by competition in a free market.

An arrangement in which vassals were protected and maintained by their lords, usually through the granting of fiefs, and required to serve under them in war.

A medieval method of determining theological and philosophical truth by using Aristotelian logic.

A written order issued by a court, commanding the party to whom it is addressed to perform or cease performing a specified act.

A trade network of allied ports along the North Sea and Baltic coasts, founded in 1256.

All territories within France controlled directly by the king.

The urban-based middle class between the wealthy aristocracy and the working class.

The act of anointing with oil as a rite of consecration.

A term initiated by William I to designate feudal vassals who held lands in return for service and loyalty to the king.

The medieval European system of self-sustaining agricultural estates.

An outward and physical sign of an inward and spiritual grace.

Those countries professing Christian beliefs under the primacy of the pope.

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