Innovation and Adaptation in the Western Christian World, 600–1450 CE
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Associations of artisans and merchants intended to protect and promote affairs of common interest.

The law of the church.

The medieval European system of self-sustaining agricultural estates.

The urban-based middle class between the wealthy aristocracy and the working class.

A medieval method of determining theological and philosophical truth by using Aristotelian logic.

An outward and physical sign of an inward and spiritual grace.

The act of anointing with oil as a rite of consecration.

Christian celebration of the Resurrection of Christ; celebrated on the Sunday following the first full moon after the vernal equinox.

An economic system characterized by private or corporate ownership of capital goods, by investments that are determined by private decision, and by prices, production, and the distribution of goods that are determined mainly by competition in a free market.

The French representative assembly, composed of the three social "estates" in France, first convened by Philip IV.

A trade network of allied ports along the North Sea and Baltic coasts, founded in 1256.

Those countries professing Christian beliefs under the primacy of the pope.

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