Innovation and Adaptation in the Western Christian World, 600–1450 CE
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The act of anointing with oil as a rite of consecration.

A trade network of allied ports along the North Sea and Baltic coasts, founded in 1256.

All territories within France controlled directly by the king.

Those countries professing Christian beliefs under the primacy of the pope.

Associations of artisans and merchants intended to protect and promote affairs of common interest.

The urban-based middle class between the wealthy aristocracy and the working class.

An economic system characterized by private or corporate ownership of capital goods, by investments that are determined by private decision, and by prices, production, and the distribution of goods that are determined mainly by competition in a free market.

A term initiated by William I to designate feudal vassals who held lands in return for service and loyalty to the king.

A medieval method of determining theological and philosophical truth by using Aristotelian logic.

The period 1378-1417, marked by divided papal allegiances in Latin Christendom.

The law of the church.

An outward and physical sign of an inward and spiritual grace.

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