Innovation and Adaptation in the Western Christian World, 600–1450 CE

The French representative assembly, composed of the three social "estates" in France, first convened by Philip IV.

An outward and physical sign of an inward and spiritual grace.

All territories within France controlled directly by the king.

The period 1378-1417, marked by divided papal allegiances in Latin Christendom.

A written order issued by a court, commanding the party to whom it is addressed to perform or cease performing a specified act.

The act or ceremony of crowning a sovereign.

The medieval European system of self-sustaining agricultural estates.

The law of the church.

The urban-based middle class between the wealthy aristocracy and the working class.

The native, common spoken language of a particular region.

Associations of artisans and merchants intended to protect and promote affairs of common interest.

A trade network of allied ports along the North Sea and Baltic coasts, founded in 1256.

Back to top