Innovation and Adaptation in the Western Christian World, 600–1450 CE
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The urban-based middle class between the wealthy aristocracy and the working class.

The medieval European system of self-sustaining agricultural estates.

An arrangement in which vassals were protected and maintained by their lords, usually through the granting of fiefs, and required to serve under them in war.

A medieval method of determining theological and philosophical truth by using Aristotelian logic.

The act of anointing with oil as a rite of consecration.

Those countries professing Christian beliefs under the primacy of the pope.

A written order issued by a court, commanding the party to whom it is addressed to perform or cease performing a specified act.

The law of the church.

The French representative assembly, composed of the three social "estates" in France, first convened by Philip IV.

The act or ceremony of crowning a sovereign.

Christian celebration of the Resurrection of Christ; celebrated on the Sunday following the first full moon after the vernal equinox.

All territories within France controlled directly by the king.

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