Innovation and Adaptation in the Western Christian World, 600–1450 CE
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The medieval European system of self-sustaining agricultural estates.

Associations of artisans and merchants intended to protect and promote affairs of common interest.

The act or ceremony of crowning a sovereign.

The native, common spoken language of a particular region.

A term initiated by William I to designate feudal vassals who held lands in return for service and loyalty to the king.

Christian celebration of the Resurrection of Christ; celebrated on the Sunday following the first full moon after the vernal equinox.

All territories within France controlled directly by the king.

Those countries professing Christian beliefs under the primacy of the pope.

An arrangement in which vassals were protected and maintained by their lords, usually through the granting of fiefs, and required to serve under them in war.

A representative assembly in England that, by the fourteenth century, was composed of great lords (both lay and ecclesiastical) and representatives from two other groups: shire knights and town burgesses.

An outward and physical sign of an inward and spiritual grace.

A written order issued by a court, commanding the party to whom it is addressed to perform or cease performing a specified act.

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