Innovation and Adaptation in the Western Christian World, 600–1450 CE
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Those countries professing Christian beliefs under the primacy of the pope.

The act of anointing with oil as a rite of consecration.

The urban-based middle class between the wealthy aristocracy and the working class.

A term initiated by William I to designate feudal vassals who held lands in return for service and loyalty to the king.

A medieval method of determining theological and philosophical truth by using Aristotelian logic.

Associations of artisans and merchants intended to protect and promote affairs of common interest.

Christian celebration of the Resurrection of Christ; celebrated on the Sunday following the first full moon after the vernal equinox.

A representative assembly in England that, by the fourteenth century, was composed of great lords (both lay and ecclesiastical) and representatives from two other groups: shire knights and town burgesses.

All territories within France controlled directly by the king.

The law of the church.

An economic system characterized by private or corporate ownership of capital goods, by investments that are determined by private decision, and by prices, production, and the distribution of goods that are determined mainly by competition in a free market.

An outward and physical sign of an inward and spiritual grace.

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