The medieval European system of self-sustaining agricultural estates.
A representative assembly in England that, by the fourteenth century, was composed of great lords (both lay and ecclesiastical) and representatives from two other groups: shire knights and town burgesses.
The period 1378-1417, marked by divided papal allegiances in Latin Christendom.
The act or ceremony of crowning a sovereign.
A term initiated by William I to designate feudal vassals who held lands in return for service and loyalty to the king.
An outward and physical sign of an inward and spiritual grace.
A medieval method of determining theological and philosophical truth by using Aristotelian logic.
Christian celebration of the Resurrection of Christ; celebrated on the Sunday following the first full moon after the vernal equinox.
An arrangement in which vassals were protected and maintained by their lords, usually through the granting of fiefs, and required to serve under them in war.
The native, common spoken language of a particular region.
An economic system characterized by private or corporate ownership of capital goods, by investments that are determined by private decision, and by prices, production, and the distribution of goods that are determined mainly by competition in a free market.
All territories within France controlled directly by the king.
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