Innovation and Adaptation in the Western Christian World, 600–1450 CE
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A trade network of allied ports along the North Sea and Baltic coasts, founded in 1256.

An arrangement in which vassals were protected and maintained by their lords, usually through the granting of fiefs, and required to serve under them in war.

The medieval European system of self-sustaining agricultural estates.

The act or ceremony of crowning a sovereign.

A medieval method of determining theological and philosophical truth by using Aristotelian logic.

The act of anointing with oil as a rite of consecration.

An outward and physical sign of an inward and spiritual grace.

Associations of artisans and merchants intended to protect and promote affairs of common interest.

The period 1378-1417, marked by divided papal allegiances in Latin Christendom.

The native, common spoken language of a particular region.

The urban-based middle class between the wealthy aristocracy and the working class.

Christian celebration of the Resurrection of Christ; celebrated on the Sunday following the first full moon after the vernal equinox.

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