Innovation and Adaptation in the Western Christian World, 600–1450 CE
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The French representative assembly, composed of the three social "estates" in France, first convened by Philip IV.

A written order issued by a court, commanding the party to whom it is addressed to perform or cease performing a specified act.

Christian celebration of the Resurrection of Christ; celebrated on the Sunday following the first full moon after the vernal equinox.

The act of anointing with oil as a rite of consecration.

A term initiated by William I to designate feudal vassals who held lands in return for service and loyalty to the king.

Associations of artisans and merchants intended to protect and promote affairs of common interest.

All territories within France controlled directly by the king.

An economic system characterized by private or corporate ownership of capital goods, by investments that are determined by private decision, and by prices, production, and the distribution of goods that are determined mainly by competition in a free market.

The medieval European system of self-sustaining agricultural estates.

The urban-based middle class between the wealthy aristocracy and the working class.

An arrangement in which vassals were protected and maintained by their lords, usually through the granting of fiefs, and required to serve under them in war.

A medieval method of determining theological and philosophical truth by using Aristotelian logic.

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