Innovation and Adaptation in the Western Christian World, 600–1450 CE
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All territories within France controlled directly by the king.

The native, common spoken language of a particular region.

A trade network of allied ports along the North Sea and Baltic coasts, founded in 1256.

The urban-based middle class between the wealthy aristocracy and the working class.

Those countries professing Christian beliefs under the primacy of the pope.

A written order issued by a court, commanding the party to whom it is addressed to perform or cease performing a specified act.

Associations of artisans and merchants intended to protect and promote affairs of common interest.

An economic system characterized by private or corporate ownership of capital goods, by investments that are determined by private decision, and by prices, production, and the distribution of goods that are determined mainly by competition in a free market.

The act of anointing with oil as a rite of consecration.

Christian celebration of the Resurrection of Christ; celebrated on the Sunday following the first full moon after the vernal equinox.

The period 1378-1417, marked by divided papal allegiances in Latin Christendom.

A medieval method of determining theological and philosophical truth by using Aristotelian logic.

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