Innovation and Adaptation in the Western Christian World, 600–1450 CE
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The native, common spoken language of a particular region.

A written order issued by a court, commanding the party to whom it is addressed to perform or cease performing a specified act.

All territories within France controlled directly by the king.

Those countries professing Christian beliefs under the primacy of the pope.

The medieval European system of self-sustaining agricultural estates.

The act of anointing with oil as a rite of consecration.

A medieval method of determining theological and philosophical truth by using Aristotelian logic.

Christian celebration of the Resurrection of Christ; celebrated on the Sunday following the first full moon after the vernal equinox.

An outward and physical sign of an inward and spiritual grace.

The law of the church.

A term initiated by William I to designate feudal vassals who held lands in return for service and loyalty to the king.

The French representative assembly, composed of the three social "estates" in France, first convened by Philip IV.

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