Innovation and Adaptation in the Western Christian World, 600–1450 CE
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An outward and physical sign of an inward and spiritual grace.

The law of the church.

Christian celebration of the Resurrection of Christ; celebrated on the Sunday following the first full moon after the vernal equinox.

The urban-based middle class between the wealthy aristocracy and the working class.

The native, common spoken language of a particular region.

The French representative assembly, composed of the three social "estates" in France, first convened by Philip IV.

All territories within France controlled directly by the king.

A term initiated by William I to designate feudal vassals who held lands in return for service and loyalty to the king.

The act of anointing with oil as a rite of consecration.

An economic system characterized by private or corporate ownership of capital goods, by investments that are determined by private decision, and by prices, production, and the distribution of goods that are determined mainly by competition in a free market.

Associations of artisans and merchants intended to protect and promote affairs of common interest.

A trade network of allied ports along the North Sea and Baltic coasts, founded in 1256.

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