Innovation and Adaptation in the Western Christian World, 600–1450 CE
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A representative assembly in England that, by the fourteenth century, was composed of great lords (both lay and ecclesiastical) and representatives from two other groups: shire knights and town burgesses.

The medieval European system of self-sustaining agricultural estates.

The native, common spoken language of a particular region.

A medieval method of determining theological and philosophical truth by using Aristotelian logic.

The French representative assembly, composed of the three social "estates" in France, first convened by Philip IV.

The act of anointing with oil as a rite of consecration.

A written order issued by a court, commanding the party to whom it is addressed to perform or cease performing a specified act.

The period 1378-1417, marked by divided papal allegiances in Latin Christendom.

Associations of artisans and merchants intended to protect and promote affairs of common interest.

The law of the church.

An outward and physical sign of an inward and spiritual grace.

Those countries professing Christian beliefs under the primacy of the pope.

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