Representative of God, and later of Muhammad, on earth.
Removal of all religious images from churches and monasteries during a period in the Byzantine Empire (726-787, 814-842), under orders of the emperors.
Meditative devotion to faith, expressed in the form of prayer, ecstasy, chanting, or dancing.
The paradigmatic "path" of Muhammad's traditions which, if trodden by believers, will lead to salvation.
A system for collecting taxes and rents from the population, where the state grants the right of collection to private individuals.
An association of self-governing states sharing similar institutional and cultural traits.
The combined body of the legal verses of the Quran, the prophetic Sunna, and the legal commentaries of the 800s and 900s, covering law as well as morality.
Christianity based on the doctrine of God the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit.
"And in the Holy Spirit, the Lord, the giver of life, who proceeds from the Father (and the Son [filioque]),who with the Father and the Son is adored and glorified" (partial quote). The filioque was inserted into the Creed in Spain at the end of the 500s against Arianism which denied the divinity of Jesus, but it was never ratified in the east.
Community of all who believe in one God, with Muhammad as their prophet, and reject pagan idolatry (ignorance, jahiliyya) or associationism (shirk), such as the Christian doctrine of Trinity.
Literally "struggle (for the path of God-fi sabil Allah)," that can range from personal struggle for faith to war in the name of Islam.
The partaking of bread and wine in commemoration of Jesus Christ's last supper. Byzantium accused Rome of serving the flat Middle Eastern bread which it denounced as "Jewish," in reference to Lev. 23:4–8.
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