Chapter 20 Quiz

The Mughal Empire: Muslim Rulers and Hindu Subjects, 1400–1750
. While relations between Muslims and India's other religions were syncretic, in that they co-existed but remained largely separate, the political and social systems created by the Mughals were in many respects a successful example of the _________of practices of conquest and plunder and several centuries of ruling more settled areas.

. In the wake of the collapse of the Mongol Empire, the largest in world history, the Central Asian heartland of the Turkic peoples evolved into a _________, many of whose rulers claimed descent from Genghis Khan.

. By the fourteenth century, ____________ had become the dominant religion among the Central Asian Turkic peoples.

. The desire for a new Mongol empire, now allied with Islam, created opportunities for military action to unite and settle the nomadic tribes of Chaghatai, leading to the rise in the fourteenth century of _________, or Tamerlane.

. For Babur and his successors, their ruling family would always be "The House of Timur," prompting historians to sometimes refer to the line as the Timurids. However, because of their claims to the legacy of Genghis Khan, they would be better known to the world as the _________.

. The House of Timur's new rulers, especially his son Humayun, were now faced with the problem of consolidating, organizing, and administering Babur's vast domain. Unfortunately, Humayun's interests were geared more toward _________ than they were toward responsible leadership.

. A particular problem for the long term health of Humayun's dynasty was the _________, or the creation of a regular system for previously improvised or ad hoc activities or things, such as law codes to replace local customs.

. Because of the difficulties involved in Humayun's own succession to the throne, his death was kept a secret , while the court worked out plans for a _________ for the emperor's son, fourteen-year-old Jalal ud-Din Akbar.

. Under Akbar's leadership, the Mughal armies were able to bring the eastern, southern and western flanks of their lands into their fold and again anchoring Islam in the former areas of its influence, called:

. In order to defend Hindustan, the Mughals built a series of fortresses throughout their inner domains and along the frontier. Which of the following is not the site of one such fortress?

. Akbar ordered the building of the city of Fatehpur Sikri to give thanks to and honor the memory of _________, a Sufi holy man who had predicted the birth of a male son to Akbar, on the site of the holy man's village of Sikri.

. Akbar's Sufi mystical training had increasingly predisposed him toward tolerance and eclecticism, which gradually developed into a personal philosophy he called _________, or " peace with all."

. While this new philosophy did not end Akbar's military campaigns, which he saw as ordained by God, it ultimately did lead him to formulating a new religion he called _________, or "divine faith."

. By borrowing heavily from Sufi mysticism, Persian court protocols, Zoroastrian sun and fire veneration, and Christian-influenced spiritualism, Akbar's divine faith sought to:

. Akbar´s attempt to create a new divine faith was doomed to failure in part because:

. Afghan princes, who chafed under Mughal rule, caused Akbar to move his army to _______ in 1585.

. After 1600, Akbar was faced with a domestic insurrection led by his own son Salim. In the end, however, Salim and Akbar were able to reconcile and Salim ascended the throne as _________.

. The Mughals' expansion into Bengal foreshadowed a clash with a very different kind of enemy, the Shan people of Southeast Asia called the _________.

. After Jahangir's death in 1627, his son Khurram inherited the throne and reigned as Shah Jahan. His rule coincided with perhaps the high point of Mughal cultural power and prestige, as reflected in its iconic monument, the _________.

. Shah Jahan did away with the _________of former Mughal rulers and established a more legalistic and exclusively pro-Muslim environment more aligned with Sunni theology, a trend which would reach its pinnacle of power under the reign of Shah Jahan's own son, Aurangzeb.

. Aurangzeb's long rule renewed the Mughal trend of expanding into the Northeastern areas controlled by the Ahoms, whom he ultimately succeeded in converting into _________after a military standstill.

. Under Aurangzeb, there were two major watershed trends: the start of an ongoing decades-long war with the Marathas, a federation of fiercely independent Central Indian clans; and his controversial bid for a more robust and legalistically effective _________of Mughal India.

. These discriminatory religious policies also created great distrust and many difficulties in dealing with self-governing, non-Muslim groups within the empire, most notably among the _________.

. The Marathas were _________ who resisted Aurangzeb's expansion into central India.

. The first European merchant ships to reach India in 1498 belonged to _________.

. During the seventeenth century, all but one of the following European nations largely supplanted Portuguese influence in the region:

. Under Mughal rule, an elaborate, graded system of official ranks was created in which the recipients, called _________, were awarded grants of land along with the revenues those working the land generated.

. The basic administrative unit of the Mughals was the _________, a unit comprising an area usually containing a town and from a dozen to about a hundred villages.

. Which of the following is not a long-term consequence of the creation of a world trading system by the European maritime powers:

. As was the case in China, the "inner" world of the household and the "outer" world of business, politics and warfare were clearly defined by_______.

. Muslim empires, like the Ottomans and Mughals, that utilized cannons and small arms are known as _____________ empires.

. A century before Akbar, Indian mathematicians had pushed their calculations of the value of pi to within nine decimal places, and expanded their facility with trigonometry to the point that some of the fundamental concepts of infinite series and _________had been worked out.

. While the great majority of Indian Muslims remained adherents of the Islam, there was also an influential presence in India.

. The Mughals gave India one of its most prolific eras in terms of profusion and synthesis of literary genres, with _________remaining the chief languages of literature.

. In the realm of the visual arts, and just like with the Safavid Persians and the Ottomans, one of the more interesting aspects of Islam as practiced by the Mughals is that, like the prohibitions regarding wine and other intoxicants, the injunctions against depicting the human form in art were often largely ignored in the _________.

. The Persian tradition of miniature painting flourished in Mughal India, as did larger works on a variety of surfaces, with the _________painting technique being popular under Akbar's patronage.

. Great mosque projects also represent highlights of Mughal artistic sophistication and monumental scope. Among them are the Friday Delhi Mosque in Shahjahanabad and Aurangzeb's huge _________.

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Photo shows a long shot view of the Taj Mahal.


Above is the tomb of the Mughal ruler Humayun. What did Humayun have to do in order to get Persian support for his reconquest of India?

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Painting shows Akbar. A lion and a heifer are shown sitting on the ground beside him. Three angels are shown playing musical instruments on clouds.


Akbar was known to host religious debates as pictured above. What did Akbar do as a result of his interest in religion?

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A map shows the European trading posts in India and southeast Asia, circa 1690, and an inset map shows the principal trade commodities in India circa 1650. Dutch: Their trading posts in India, and the year of their acquisition, were as follows. Cochin in 1663 and Quilon in 1661 in the southwestern coast, and Nagapattinam in 1658 in the eastern coast. The Dutch occupied coastal Sri Lanka, and the trading posts in the country, and the year of its acquisition, were as follows. Negombo in 1640, Colombo in 1656, Galle in 1640, Jaggna in 1658, and Trincomali in 1639. They also occupied eastern coast of Sumatra, and the trading posts, with the year of their establishment, were Barus in 1668, Tiku in 1641, Padang in 1659, and Painan in 1663. The Dutch occupied coastal Malaysia, and the trading posts, with the year of their establishment, were Patani in 1602, Kedah in 1642, Perak in 1655, Melaka in 1641, and Johore in 1641. The Dutch also occupied Taiwan or Formosa between 1624 and 1662, Pescadores Islands between 1622 and 1624, and southeastern Asian islands Bangka Island in 1668, Billiton in 1668, Celebes between 1660 and 1677, Makasar in 1648 and 1667, Menado in 1657, Halmahera in 1653 and 1684, Bacan 1 in 1667, Sula Islands in 1652, Buru in 1622 and 1658, Seram in 1608 and 1652, Arus Islands in 1623, Tanimbar in 1672, Kupang in 1653, Lombok in 1674, and Sumbawa between 1669 and 1675. The other Dutch trading posts and the year of their acquisition were Syriam between 1635 and 1649 in southern Burma, Ayutthaya in 1607 in southern Siam, Aceh in 1649 in northern Sumatra, Jambi in 1615 and Palembang in 1618 in southern Sumatra, Batavia or Jakarta in 1610, and Sambas in Borneo in 1609 and 1650. Portuguese: The Portuguese trading posts and the year of their acquisition were Diu in 1535, Daman in 1558, Bombay between 1530 and 1664, and Goa in 1510 in western coast of India, Pidie, Pasei, and Samudra between 1520 and 1640 in northern Sumatra, and Florence Larantuka in1657 and Dili in 1610 and 1675 in southeastern Asia. Spanish: The Philippine Islands. Mindanao between 1596 and 1642. British: The British trading posts and the year of their acquisition were Ahmadabad in 1612, Surat between 1618 and 1683, and Bhatkal in 1638 in the western coast of India, Madras in 1639, Masulipatam in 1611, Calcutta in 1690, and Hugli in 1615 in eastern India, Nagasaki in Japan in 1641, and Sukadana in Borneo in 1612. Danish: The Danish possessions and the year of their acquisition were Tranquebar in 1658 and Serampore in 1616 in eastern India. French: The French possession and the year of their acquisition was Pondicherry in southeastern India in 1674. An inset map of India shows that the principal trade commodities circa 1650 were cotton along the River Ganges in eastern India, in western India, and in southeastern India, silk in Bengal in eastern India, and spices along the Malabar Coast in southwestern India.


According to the map, which area had the greatest Spanish influence?

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