Chapter 18 Quiz

New Patterns in New Worlds: Colonialism and Indigenous Responses in the Americas, 1500–1800
. What was not part of the three-tiered society that developed in the Spanish and Portuguese Americas?

. Which of the following is not a characteristic of the Spanish conquest and colonization of the Americas?

. The Spaniards established land-labor grants or _________entitling the land grantee the use of forced indigenous or imported slave labor on this land for the purpose of exploiting its agricultural and mineral resources.

. _________were the best-known advocates against the cruelty of the land-labor grant system.

. Among the gifts of submission presented to Cortés on the Mexican mainland was _________, an enslaved Nahuatl-speaking woman and someone who would go on to play a crucial role in securing the success of the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire.

. Hernán Cortéz founded the coastal city of _________, which was used as a base for further inland exploration.

. Among the many Native American allies who aided Cortés in the conquest of the Aztec Empire were the _________, sworn enemies of the Aztecs.

. Upon Cortés' arrival at the city of _________, on November 2, 1519, Emperor Moctezuma II was in a quandary over how to deal with these invaders whose depredations neither his tributaries nor his enemies had been able to stop.

. Around the same time, _________, a relative of Cortés, conceived of a plan to conquer the Andean empire of the Incas after hearing rumors about an empire of gold and silver to the south.

. A crucial factor which aided in the fall of the Incan Empire to the Spaniards was Pizarro's capture of:

. The Spaniards would not take full control of the Inca Empire until________.

. When the Portuguese arrived in Brazil, they traded for brazilwood which was used for:

. The great majority of the indigenous of population of Brazil lived in villages based primarily on all but one of the following:

. The relatively slow pace of the Portuguese conquest in Brazil, compared to the meteoric success the Spaniards enjoyed over the vast Aztec and Inca empires, can be explained by all but one of the following:

. _________were American-born descendants of European settlers, primarily of Spanish ancestry.

. Which indigenous people was able to resist Spanish subjugation in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?

. Beginning in the mid-sixteenth century, easy looting for gold and silver was replaced by a search for the mines from where these precious metals came, including all but one of the following regions:

. What was the main purpose of Spanish colonial administration during the first two generations after the conquest of the Americas?

. In the 1540s, in an effort to transition away from the encomienda system, Spain introduced rotating assignments, or _________, which established an obligation by villagers to send stipulated numbers of people as laborers to a contractor.

. The wars of the Spanish Habsburg Empire placed a tremendous strain on Spain's revenue base, ultimately leading to the sale of _________in the New World to the highest bidder.

. The sale of these colonial offices ultimately led to all but one of the following:

. In the early seventeenth century, the French, English and Dutch started occupying smaller unclaimed Caribbean islands which they then used to launch raids on Spanish colonies in order to disrupt Spain's monopoly on shipping between Europe and its Caribbean possessions, eventually taking some of these Spanish outposts. Most notable among these conquered Spanish outposts was Jamaica, taken by the English, and _________, taken by the French.

. The _________, a primary target of English privateers.

. After the demise of the Spanish Habsburg dynasty, and in an effort to regain control over Spain's American possessions, the new French-descended Bourbons put into practice a series of reforms aimed at _________.

. As colonial Brazil grew, the Portuguese created a council in Lisbon to deal with all New World appointments and established a high court for all judicial affairs in the city of _________ in northern Brazil.

. Colonial cities and Jesuits in Portuguese Brazil repeatedly clashed over the slave raids of the _________, or "pioneers/slave traders," in village territories.

. The earliest settlement in the northeastern coast of North America was:

. The pattern of settlement in North America in the seventeenth century followed the trail of French, English and Dutch _________who established small communities of settlers along the cost of North America.

. Among the English colonists in North America, the first to demand participation in the colonial administration were _________.

. Why did the settlement of Louisiana have fewer settlers than settlements in English North America?

. What hindered the extension of English control in their North American colonies?

. The Seven Years' War in the New World was ultimately won by _________cutting off supplies to French forces.

. The exchange of plants, animals, and diseases between the Americas and the rest of the world is known as the _________.

. The English and French colonies of North America, lacking a sustainable native industry at first, moved further south in order to develop the plantation system for growing _________.

. The primary mining centers in colonial Spanish America were _______in southeastern Peru (today's Bolivia) and Zacatecas and Guanajuato in northern Mexico.

. The Spaniards pioneered silver mining innovations, such as the _________method, which facilitated extraction through the use of mercury.

. What was the major Caribbean port that the annual Spanish silver fleet sailed from?

. In order to support the mining centers and administrative cities, the Spanish colonial government encouraged the development of agricultural estates or _________.

. Ethnic combinations of Europeans and Native Americans and Europeans and Africans were collectively called castas, or "castes The two most important castes were mestizos (Spanish)/mestiços (Portuguese), born of Iberian fathers and Native American mothers, and _________, born of Iberian fathers and Black mothers.

. A major export from New England to Great Britain was

. What was the first secular university founded in North America?

. The revivalist _________of the 1730s and 1740s received its main impulse from the work of the brothers John and Charles Wesley, English Methodist preachers who toured Georgia in 1735.

. According to the map below, what did the Portuguese produce along the coast of Brazil?


A map traces the colonization of Central and South America. Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean between 1496 and 1750. By 1640, Spain colonized Central America, the Caribbean Islands, and southern Mexico. By 1750, Spain colonized central Mexico and coastal Florida. The frontier lands in 1750 were Florida and the present-day southern United States. The cities and their foundation year, from north to south, are as follows: Zacatecas in 1547, Guanajuato in 1554, Monterrey in 1579, San Luis Potosi in 1583, Mexico City in 1521, Veracruz in 1519, Puebla in 1532, Oaxaca between 1525 and 1529, Santiago in 1524, Granada in 1522, Havana in 1515, Santiago in 1514, Hispaniola in 1492, Santo Domingo in 1496, Jamaica in 1509, Panama in 1519, and Puerto Rico in 1512. The sea trade route was as follows: To Manila from Acapulco, from Acapulco to Panama, between Cuba and Mexico City, and between Cuba and northern South America. The economic activities were as follows: Livestock in and silver in present-day Mexico, Sugar in Central America, Cuba, and Hispaniola, coffee in Cuba and Hispaniola, cochineal in Oaxaca, indigo in Santiago, and textiles in Mexico City. Spanish and Portuguese in South America between 1525 and 1750. Spanish settlement in 1640 was along the western coast of South America, and by 1750, they expanded eastward. The frontier lands extend to the east from the settlement areas. Portuguese settlement in 1640 was along the eastern coast of South America, and by 1750, they expanded slightly westward. The frontier lands of 1750 extended to east-central South America, covering most regions of Brazil. A Jesuit mission state was between Spanish and Portuguese settlements. A Dutch colony and a French colony are in the northeastern part of the country. The sea trade route was along the western coast of South America. The land trade route was between Buenos Aires in the southeast and Cartagena in the north, along the northwestern coast. The major coastal towns and their year of foundation from the north in a clockwise direction are as follows: Caracas in 1567, Dutch Guyana 1667, Cayenne in 1674, Maranhao in 1612, Recife Pernambuco in 1535, Bahia in 1549, Rio de Janeiro in 1565, Montevideo in 1726, Buenos Aires in 1536, Valdivia in 1552, Santiago in 1542, Valparaiso in 1544, Asuncion in 1537, Potosi in 1545, Cuzco in 1534, Lima in 1535, Tumbes in 1526, Quito in 1534, Bogota in 1538, and Cartagena in 1532. The economic activities were as follows: Coffee in the Dutch and French settlements, sugar in the western and in the eastern coast, mixed agriculture in the western coast, silver near Potosi, mining in the east, in the northwest, and in the southwest, gold in Minas Gerais in the east, Bogota in the north, and Ecuador in the northwest, cocoa in the north, mercury in the east, hides near Buenos Aires and northern Venezuela, wine in Peru, and Brazilwood in eastern Brazil. An inset map shows Mexico, Brazil, Portugal, Spain, and Africa.

. According to the map below, what was a major economic activity in French Canada?


A world map shows the colonization of North America. Between 1640 and 1750, the British settled along the eastern coast of North America, and their frontier lands are around the Hudson Bay. The Spanish settlement in 1750 was along coastal Florida and southern North America, with frontier lands in Florida and in south-central United States. The French settlement in 1750 was along the Mississippi River in the south to Lake Michigan in the north, and in present-day southeastern Canada and the northeastern United States along Saint Lawrence River, Lake Huron, Lake Superior, Lake Michigan, Lake Ontario, and Lake Erie. The frontier lands of the French settlement covered central North America. The economic activities circa 1750 were as follows: Fishing in the northeastern part of North America and in the Chesapeake Bay, mixed agriculture in around the Mississippi River in the south, fur trapping along the Mississippi Rivers, the great lakes, and the Hudson Bay, cattle farming along Saint Lawrence River, Lake Ontario, and in eastern North America, grain and tobacco in eastern North America, rice and indigo in southeastern North America, and timber, shipbuilding, and ironworks in northeastern North America. Furs and fish from Newfoundland, furs and whale products from northeastern North America, and tobacco, rice, indigo, naval stores, and furs from southeastern North America were transported across the Atlantic. Shipping services, fish, timber, grain, and rice from southeastern North America were provided to the Caribbean. Slaves, manufacture, and mercantile services were transported across the Atlantic to eastern North America. Rum and molasses from the Caribbean were transported to southeastern North America.

. The woman in the picture below was being tried for witchcraft. Where in North America was there a significant hysteria about witches in the late seventeenth century?


A painting depicts a group of onlookers standing beside a water body looking at a man holding up a woman over the water body using a wooden instrument. The wooden instrument shows him holding onto a rope on one side and the woman tied to a chair hanging over the water body on the other side.

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