Chapter 25 Self-Assessment

. Choose the correct chronological order of the events below:

First Ottoman-Russian war; Ottoman siege of Vienna; Crimean War; Napoleon's occupation of Egypt.

Ottoman siege of Vienna; Napoleon's occupation of Egypt; First Ottoman-Russian war; Crimean War

Ottoman siege of Vienna; First Ottoman-Russian war; Napoleon's occupation of Egypt; Crimean War

Napoleon's occupation of Egypt; Crimean War; Ottoman siege of Vienna; First Ottoman-Russian war.

. Choose the correct chronological order for the events below:

The reign of Catherine II of Russia; the Tanzimat reforms in the Ottoman Empire; Emancipation of Russian serfs; Young Turks rise to power.

The Tanzimat reforms in the Ottoman Empire; The reign of Catherine II of Russia; Emancipation of Russian serfs; Young Turks rise to power

Emancipation of Russian serfs; the reign of Catherine II of Russia; Young Turks rise to power; the Tanzimat reforms in the Ottoman Empire

The Young Turks rise to power; Emancipation of Russian serfs; the reign of Catherine II of Russia; the Tanzimat reforms in the Ottoman Empire.

. Prior to the nineteenth century, the Ottomans' traditional enemy was:

The Russians

The Austrian Habsburgs

The British

The Moroccans

. All of the following are true of the second Ottoman siege to Vienna EXCEPT:

Vienna was saved when a Polish relief army arrived.

Ottoman sappers and siege cannons succeeded in breaching the walls in several places.

The Habsburgs retaliated by seizing the Ottoman territories of Hungary, Transylvania, and northern Serbia.

It resulted in a third siege, when peace negotiations failed in 1699.

. In the early 1700s, the Ottomans instituted the following reforms, EXCEPT:

Went on a "gold standard" to stimulate trust in their paper money.

Cut the janissary rolls by half.

Enlisted Anatolian farmers into the military.

Sold lifelong tax farms (life leases) to wealthy courtiers, officers, and administrators.

. During the period between 1774 and 1808, the Ottoman empire suffered humiliations in all of the following ways EXCEPT:

They lost the north coast of the Black Sea.

They lost Georgia in the Caucasus.

Napoleon destroyed the Ottomans' subordinate Mamluk regime in Egypt.

They were defeated by the British in the Opium War.

. In 1792, an attempt at reform was initiated, which the Ottomans called the "New Order," and its main aim was to:

Reorganize the bureaucracy by replacing the existing order with professional, well-educated officials.

Reform the tax-farming system with one administered directly by the central government.

Replace existing communication systems with new inventions, such as the telegraph and improved railroad lines.

Reorganize the army and provide greater training for officers.

. The word Tanzimat refers to:

A series of reforms inspired by Western European constitutional nationalism.

A distinctive hat worn by Ottoman bureaucrats.

A new system of banking.

The reorganization of the Janissary military.

. In the Crimean War:

Russia and Great Britain allied against the Ottoman Empire and France.

The Ottoman Empire, France, and Great Britain allied against Russia.

Great Britain, France, and Russia allied against the Ottoman Empire

Russia and the Ottoman Empire allied against the Western European powers led by France and Great Britain.

. The purpose of the "Fortunate Edict" of 1856 was:

To assure that all women had access to education.

To assure a smooth transition in government should the sultan die.

To clarify questions of equality among subjects.

To make certain that all subjects had adequate access to food and other necessary resources.

. All of the following is true of the crisis from 1873 to 1878 EXCEPT:

It was triggered when the government initiated a constitutional congress to better represent ethnic minorities.

When the government raised taxes, ethnic-nationalist uprisings began in Herzegovina, Bosnia, and Bulgaria.

The reigning sultan was overthrown and a new sultan ascended the throne.

It began when the Ottoman government defaulted on foreign loans.

. The Congress of Berlin had the following impact on the Ottomans EXCEPT:

They lost the provinces of Montenegro, Serbia, Romania, and eventually Bulgaria.

Bosnia-Herzegovina remained Ottoman, but was administered by Austria-Hungary.

Cyprus remained Ottoman, but was placed under British administration.

The Parliament took over governance and the Sultan retained only symbolic power.

. Given the fiscal limitations, the sultan of the Ottoman Empire, Abdülhamit II, took all of the following actions between 1876 and 1909 EXCEPT:

He was active as a propagandist.

He emphasized his credentials as the pan-Islamic caliph of Eurasian Muslims.

He encouraged ethnic nationalism within the Empire.

He worked to install the fear of jihad in European politicians and their publics.

. In his later years, Abdülhamid failed in all of the following attempts EXCEPT:

Keeping graduates from elite academies from becoming dissatisfied.

Eliminating secret junior officer groups in Macedonia and Thrace.

Preventing a coup d'état.

Reinstating a constitution.

. The Young Turks were:

Officers officially organized as the Committee of Union and Progress

Initially strongly supported by Abdülhamit and his regime.

Supported by military and government employees, religious students and religious brotherhood leaders organized by Abdülhamit's courtiers.

A bulwark of support for Abdülhamit's government.

. The Balkan states of Serbia, Montenegro, Greece and Bulgaria:

Petitioned for readmission to the Ottoman Empire, seeking protection from Russian imperial expansionism.

Declared war against Russia.

Assisted in the protection of Erdine, a second capital of the Ottomans.

Collaborated in the First Balkan War against the Ottomans.

. All of the following is true of Iran EXCEPT:

It is also often called Persia.

It was the Sunni alternative to the Shiite Ottomans.

Two dynasties of kings (shahs) ruled Iran between 1501 and 1925.

Iranian rulers had to respect a balance of power between Shiites and Sunnis.

. The Russian Empire expanded during the 1800s at the expense of:

The French and Egyptian states.

The rapidly declining British Empire

The Qajar and Ottoman Empires.

Iran, Iraq, and Afghanistan.

. All of the following are true of the Decembrist Revolt EXCEPT:

It was led by military officers who were inspired by constitutional nationalism.

It occurred just after the ascension of Alexander II.

The leaders were executed, but it was a harbinger of things to come.

It inspired the tsar to implement a doctrine known as "Official Nationality."

. All of the following is true of the Golden Age of Russian culture EXCEPT:

It occurred in spite of periods of censorship and repression.

The Russian intelligentsia drew inspiration largely from Greek and Byzantine traditions.

Ideas and debates were spread through new literary journals and other new literary forms.

The inspired Russian intelligentsia arose primarily from the ranks of landed nobility.

. All of the following is true of the Great Reforms initiated by Alexander II EXCEPT:

The Tsar was convinced of the need for reform by Russia's defeat in the Crimean War.

The Tsar believed that Russia had lost in war because of inferior technology and a lack of infrastructure.

The Tsar made the mistake of waiting until he could gain the support of the economic and intellectual elite before implementing the reforms.

The Tsar believed that the unwillingness of serf-owning aristocracy to shift to market agriculture had had a depressing effect on the economy.

. Following the assassination of Alexander II in 1881:

The movement toward liberalization floundered and the new tsars reverted to the tradition of tight, autocratic political control.

The succeeding tsars continued the drive for modernization, realizing that it was the only way for Russia to maintain true sovereignty in the industrializing Western European world.

The depression of 1873-1896 destroyed any chance of industrialization for at least 25 years.

Alexander III was desperate for ideas and inspiration, welcoming diverse opinions from investors, bankers, and the intelligentsia.

Quiz Content