Chapter 16 Self-Assessment

. _________were autonomously-operating Christians or Muslims who pirated ships, confiscated their cargoes and held their crew and travelers for ransom.

. During the Reconquista, Iberian Christians sought to rid the peninsula of:

. Christopher Columbus hoped to reach ______(and subsequently Jerusalem) by sailing westward across the Atlantic.

. In 1498, _________reached India by way of Africa, becoming the first European to sail directly from Europe to India.

. The Fall of Constantinople to the Ottomans was possible through the use of _________bombardment.

. After its fall to the Ottomans, Constantinople became known as _________.

. The apogee of the Ottoman Empire was reached under Sultan Süleyman I, also known as:

. The Ottomans and the _________dominated Islamic civilization in the early modern period of 1450-1600.

. The following kingdom was not inherited from his parents by Habsburg Emperor Charles V:

. Both the Habsburgs and the Ottomans renewed the traditional Islamic-Christian imperialism which had characterized the period of 600-950 and which had given way to the Muslim and Christian commonwealths of _________.

. During the first three decades of the sixteenth century, which of the following was not a pressing issue plaguing Emperor Charles V?

. _________was forced to forge a threatening alliance with the Ottoman Turks in an attempt to fend off Habsburg territorial encroachment.

. Which of the following was not a theater of confrontation in the Muslim-Christian struggle for dominance?

. Since the Portuguese had pioneered a direct route from Europe to India via Africa, the _________became another front of confrontation between Christians and Muslims in the race to gain dominance over the lucrative spice trade.

. The reduced military presence by both Habsburgs and Ottomans to safeguard their spice trade routes across East Africa, India and Southeast Asia paved the way for the________ to ultimately overtake both Portugal and the Ottoman Turks as leaders in this trade.

. In order to ensure the preservation and continuation of Habsburg global hegemony, Charles V decided to divide his western and eastern territories between his son Philip II and his brother _________.

. Iberian Muslims were known as _________.

. In an effort to deal a definitive blow to the Ottoman naval threat, the Holy Christian League was formed consisting of _________.

. The naval Battle of _________was the culminating victory of this Holy Christian League over the Ottoman Turks and one that would dangerously sap the Ottomans' supply of experienced naval manpower.

. Bowing to the pressure of the Church and against the advice of some Christian landowners, the Crown opted for the expulsion of all moriscos from Spanish territories in 1580, although the actual expulsions would not begin until_______.

. All told, some _________moriscos would be expelled from Spain during the next five years.

. An early indicator of the significance of the money economy in the Ottoman Empire was the military institution of the _________, troops of conscripted Christian boys who received salaries from the central treasury.

. A form of forced enslavement in direct contradiction to Islamic law, the _________ system was a levy on Christian boys in the Ottoman Empire by which the conquered Christian population was obligated to contribute adolescent males to join the military and administrative classes.

. Their conquest of the Balkans made the Ottomans the owners of the largest precious metal production centers prior to the Spanish Habsburg acquisition of the _________mines in the mid-1500s.

. Governmental auction of the taxes in kind of a particular district to the highest bidder was known as _________.

. Under Sultan Süleyman I, the fiscal-military state of the Ottomans reached its apogee as the sultan was able to finance a massive expansion of the military and bureaucracy and strengthen the centralized role of the _________in this triumvirate.

. The Spanish fiscal-military state reached its mature phase of centralization under the rule of:

. Habsburg Spain enlarged its revenue from 1521 to 1536 via the royal _________share of the Aztec and Inca gold and silver treasure to which it was entitled.

. The following is one major difference between the Ottoman and the Spanish Habsburg Empires:

. The Spanish Habsburgs sought to overcome their lack of power over the _________and the weakness of their Spanish tax base by squeezing as much as they could from their Italian, Flemish and New World possessions.

. With the introduction of gunpowder and firearms, the fiscal-military states of the period starting around ________became much more powerful enterprises which would, in turn, evolve into absolutist and ultimately national states.

. Philip II built the massive palatial complex of _________, incorporating a royal residence, a monastic school and a royal necropolis, a very short distance away from the then small provincial city of Madrid.

. The _________was a particularly Portuguese or Spanish show trial in which the state, through the holy office of the Inquisition, judged a person's commitment to the Catholic faith.

. The _________ Sarayi or "Palace of the Gun Gate," begun in 1459, incorporated a royal residence, an imperial administrative school for the training of bureaucrats, barracks for the troops of Janissaries, an armory and a hospital, and it became an object of both fear and fascination for the Sultan's subjects.

. _________ was the stadium for public festivities in Istanbul

. The Ottoman-Habsburg struggle of the sixteenth century can be seen as yet another chapter in the long history of competition that began when the _________Empire expanded into the Mediterranean and was resisted by the Greeks in the middle of the first millennium B.C.E.

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