Chapter 12 Self-Assessment

. The political center of the Indian subcontinent shifted south and, by the latter part of the ninth century, the________ state had consolidated its hegemony over southern India and its control of the trade with southeast Asia.

. After several centuries of southward expansion by Muslim sultanates in north and central India, a new Hindu state emerged in 1336 with the founding of the city of____________ or "City of Victory."

. ___________________is the man credited with founding the Muslim state of Delhi, which would later survive under the name of the "Sultanate of Delhi."

. In 1398, one of the last great invasions of central Asian nomads under the leadership of ______, descended on northern India and southwest Asia.

. Which of the following is not true of Sikhism?

. At the height of the __________ dynasty, Buddhist influence at the imperial court made China a Buddhist empire.

. "Neo-Confucianism" was the name given to the new synthesis of official beliefs blending the ideas of:

. Tang efforts to control military outposts along the Silk Road brought the empire into conflict with ______________by the early eighth century.

. The most extraordinary example of the contradictory Tang trends towards both greater restrictiveness and wider latitude in personal behavior was the Tang Empress____________.

. The widow of a ruler in a monarchical or imperial system in which succession is normally through the male line is referred to as a(n) _______________.

. The following was a characteristic feature of Tang poetry:

. Under the Song Dynasty, a new __________ made China a religious civilization

. Like the Tang, the Song instituted a strong central government based on _______ rather than heredity.

. The need for bureaucratic and socioeconomic reform spurred the Song official ________________ to propose a series of initiatives aimed at increasing state control over the economy and reducing the power of local interests.

. The unification of various Mongol groups under________, also known as Genghis Khan, led a steady invasion on China which, under his grandson Khubilai Khan, would ultimately bring an end to the Song Dynasty.

. The most momentous invention to emerge from the Song era was:

. In 1280 Khubilai Khan proclaimed the_________ dynasty.

. This dynasty, though___________, pulled China into an empire spanning all of Eurasia from Korea to the interior of Poland, and probing as far as Hungary, Java, and Japan.

. Under the Yuan Dynasty, China became part of a much larger empire, and its culture was widely diffused throughout Eurasia, most notably through the accounts of:

. The Mongols emphasized __________in their empire.

. The "____________," a nickname given to Zhu, took the imperial name of "Hongwu" and spent much of his time driving the remaining Mongols out of his empire.

. Hongwu sought to streamline his newly reconstituted bureaucracy by concentrating power and governmental functions around__________________.

. The ______________was a select group of senior officials who served as an advisory board to the Ming emperor on all imperial matters.

. While China fortified its borders and reinstated political systems that had been dismantled by the Mongols, it also had to contend with a sharp drop in population due to warfare and the lingering effects of ______________that ravaged the country in the 1340s.

. Ming Emperor Yongle, having inherited a country well on its way to economic recovery, took advantage of this increase in prosperity to launch China's first and last great ___________________under the command of his childhood friend and imperial eunuch, Zheng He, from 1405 to 1433.

. While China boasted some of the world's largest cities, more than 85 percent of the country remained rural from the period from the Song to the Ming, with the __________________at the top of the local structure of power and influence, a hierarchy reinforced by an array of sumptuary laws.

. Neo-Confucianism holds that one cannot sit passively and wait for enlightenment, as the Buddhists do, but must actively "seek truth through facts" in order to understand the relationships of form (li) and substance (qi) as they govern the constitution of the totality of the universe or "_________________" (taiji).

. Many of these technical advances revolved around the development of luxury items, and the most notable among them was the invention of true___________.

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