Chapter 01 Self-Assessment

. The following chronological order is correct to the best of our knowledge:

End of last Ice Age; Beginnings of agriculture in the Fertile Crescent; First evidence of rice cultivation in the Yangzi Valley

Lapita cultural complex in western Pacific; First evidence of rice cultivation in the Yangzi Valley; Beginnings of agriculture in the Fertile Crescent.

End of last Ice Age; Homo sapiens emerges in East Africa; First evidence of rice cultivation in the Yangzi Valley.

Beginnings of agriculture in the Fertile Crescent; City-states appear in Greece and Ionia; Flourishing of Harappan culture in the Indus River valley.

. Early humans were able to expand their dietary resources to include a greater variety of food sources, such as meat from animal carcasses:

Because they moved to different areas.

After technological breakthroughs

Because they had developed the ability to think in abstract terms.

Because their legs were long.

. The most important physical ability in the transition from hominin to human was:

The ability to climb trees to avoid predators.

Bipedalism, which allowed them to function effectively in both forest and savanna.

The ability to use knuckle-walking to move through forests quickly.

The combination of physical strength and speed.

. Homo erectus

Made simple tools, but did not yet walk upright.

Could not leave the tropics because they had not mastered the arts of making fire or tanning leather.

Typically possessed a brain that was larger than those of modern humans.

Were fully stable on their feet, lived on the ground, could travel rather easily, and had mastered the use of fire.

. Levallois toolmaking is defined by

the earliest metal tools

found objects used as tools

rough stone toolmaking

refined stone working techniques

. Forager societies:

Are also known as "hunting and gathering" societies.

Had a short life span because of the uncertainty of being able to find sufficient food.

Generally lived in caves because they did not generally possess the skills to build other types of shelter.

Were completely self-contained, never acquiring resources through trade or barter.

. Gender was an aspect of social organization in early foraging societies in what respect?

These societies were clearly patriarchal because of the importance of males in hunting for meat and defending the tribe.

These societies were clearly matriarchal, as shown by their peaceful social organization and veneration of Earth Goddesses.

There is evidence of some division of labor between males and females, but not enough evidence to formulate any dependable global opinions about dominance.

Paleolithic pictures and symbols clearly show the gendered power structure of pre-agrarian societies.

. The following is NOT evidence of the development of abstract thought among Homo sapiens:

Jewelry

Grave sites

Paintings or drawings in caves and on rocks

Evidence that the same butchery sites were used by successive generations.

. In traditional Australian Aboriginal society, as described in the nineteenth century, most marriages:

Were monogamous.

Were polygamous.

Were only recognized between members of the same clan.

Limited to men who were successful traders.

. "Venus" figurines:

All depicted obese female forms with exaggerated sexual characteristics.

Have been unearthed all over western and central Europe.

Were sometimes tiny, but many were so large it is difficult to imagine them being transported from campsite to campsite.

Were, according to inscriptions found on them, designed for use in religious ceremonies.

. Rock art and cave art in Europe:

Very often depict human hunters tracking prey.

Generally depict fanciful figures, such as a bison with a human head, or an owl with a human body.

Often depict animals such as reindeer, horses, cattle, mammoths, etc.

Show clearly that human intellectual ability and symbolic thinking has evolved rapidly in the past 10,000 years.

. Symbolic thinking among Homo sapiens:

Is evident only in European caves and hidden places.

Is visible in art which shows evidence of the ability to conceptualize images by thinking abstractly.

Seems to have been absent from human societies until about 10,000 years ago

Clearly conveys the creators' intention in rendering paintings and clay sculptures.

. All of the following were results of the last Ice Age EXCEPT:

Northern zones of Eurasia were often covered with gigantic ice sheets.

The area from southern France to Mongolia changed to frozen tundra in winter and semiarid steppe in summer.

The increase in the size of African rain forests encouraged a temporary return to vegetarianism.

The deserts of the Sahara, Kalahari, and the interior of Australia expanded.

. Adaptations to the new conditions seem to have included all of the following EXCEPT:

The domestication of dogs.

A spurt of technical innovation, leading to innovations likes boomerangs, better fishhooks, and bird traps.

Expanded trade networks to exchange goods across ecological zones.

Better nutrition and health because of the improved hunting techniques.

. Another result of the Ice Age was:

An enhanced ability to migrate because areas formerly separated by seas became accessible over ice.

A great increase in the number of large animals because they could take refuge in areas too cold for humans.

A reduction in the genetic variations between various human societies because they were no longer isolated.

A dramatic increase in the total population of humans over the globe, due to improved techniques for hunting large animals.

. The Ice Age in the Americas:

Made it easier for humans to migrate westward from Alaska.

Probably prevented southward migration over land until a pathway was cleared across the area of modern Alberta.

Prevented migration over water or by rafts, canoes, or boats because of the ice.

Resulted in the inhabitants of the Americas having remarkably similar languages and mitochondrial DNA.

. "Kennewick man":

Seems to have shared many characteristics with the Ainu of Japan.

Was very short and small-boned.

Was remarkably free of injuries or other health problems.

Seems to have died after being trapped in an avalanche.

. Migrations to the Americas

Appear to have ended when the ice bridge melted about 20,000 years ago.

Appear to have continued from about 80,000 years ago until almost 600 years ago.

Did not result in a uniform Native American population until after 9,000 years ago.

Led to remarkable uniformity in language from modern-day Canada to the southernmost tip of Chile.

. The history of humans from the time of Clovis and the Fertile Crescent to the present:

Represents a mere 0.02 percent of the time from Ardi to the present.

Represents about 20 percent of that from the first Homo sapiens to the present.

Clearly illustrates the steps needed for human societies to develop.

Indicates that all human societies adapt and evolve at the same pace.

. The authors of the textbook believe that the principal reason for the slow pace of deep history was:

Because collecting vegetal foods, fishing, and hunting are not safe or dependable ways of securing nourishment.

The fact that foragers had more leisure time than farmers.

The conscious effort of foragers to limit population growth and group size.

Because all humans retreated southward during the last Ice Age.

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