Chapter 2 Self-Assessment

. When we decide to accept a claim solely on the grounds that it advances or coincides with our interests, we are guilty of

group-centered thinking.

biased thinking.

tribalism.

self-centered thinking.

. The __________ effect is the phenomenon in which a false claim is believed to be true simply because it is familiar.

false consensus

illusion-of-truth

mere exposure

Dunning-Kruger

. Classifying individuals into groups according to oversimplified or prejudiced attitudes or opinions is known as

stereotyping.

groupthink.

racism.

tribalism.

. According to Lawrence Blum, inferiorization and antipathy are the two factors that define

prejudice.

stereotyping.

racism.

tribalism.

. When we seek out and use only evidence that supports our existing beliefs, we are guilty of

self-centered thinking.

stereotyping.

groupthink.

confirmation bias.

. When we rely on evidence not because it's trustworthy but because it's memorable or striking, we fall prey to

the availability error.

the illusion-of-truth effect.

the subjectivist fallacy.

the mere exposure effect.

. One implication of social relativism is that the beliefs of a society

cannot be true.

cannot be changed.

cannot be mistaken.

can be improved.

. The __________ effect is the phenomenon of being ignorant of how ignorant we are.

false consensus

illusion-of-truth

mere exposure

Dunning-Kruger

. Reasoning for the purpose of supporting a predetermined conclusion rather than to uncover the truth is known as

the subjectivist fallacy.

motivated reasoning.

self-centered thinking.

stereotyping.

. Subjective relativism implies that individual persons are

often wrong.

intolerant.

guilty of self-centered thinking.

infallible.

. According to critics of subjective relativism, if the claim "All truth is relative" is objectively true, then it is objectively false.

True

False

. According to the analysis of Lawrence Blum, racism is defined as the belief that races exist and are differentiated by significant moral, intellectual, or cultural characteristics.

True

False

. In its most general sense, evidence is something that guarantees the truth of a statement.

True

False

. From the perspective of critical thinking, there is nothing inherently wrong with accepting a claim that furthers your own interests.

True

False

. The only available remedy for our tendency to resist contrary evidence is to make a conscious effort to look for supporting evidence.

True

False

. Someone who believes that Honda Civics are unsafe cars after seeing one involved in a traffic accident, has fallen prey to the mere exposure effect.

True

False

. Emotions have no place in clear critical thinking.

True

False

. To help avoid motivated reasoning, we should be reasonably skeptical of all sources, especially of those that support our beliefs.

True

False

. According to the most plausible criterion for knowledge, claims must be beyond all possible doubt in order to count as knowledge.

True

False

. The popularity of a belief is always a good indicator of its truth.

True

False