Chapter 9 Questions

. Which of the following is the term used to refer to a stage in prenatal development which in humans begins at roughly the second week of pregnancy and lasts until roughly the eighth week?

fertilization

fetal stage

embryonic stage

viability

. An unborn vertebrate animal that has developed to the point of having the basic structure that is characteristic of its kind is known as

a zygote.

a blastocyst.

an embryo.

a fetus.

. By definition, if a person or thing needs to be taken into account in moral decision-making (i.e., if it counts morally), then that person or thing has

moral standing.

moral permissibility.

viability.

all of the above

. Patrick Lee and Robert George argue that human embryos are complete human beings because

they are complete organisms that are genetically human.

unlike cells of the mother or father, their growth is directed toward survival and maturation.

both A and B

neither A nor B

. In response to the argument that embryos are not persons because they do not exercise higher mental capacities, Lee and George argue that

embryos actually do exercise higher mental capacities.

it doesn't make sense to say that a person exercises higher mental capacities.

the argument is sound, but its validity fails due to a common logical fallacy.

to have killed a human embryos that developed into you would have been the same thing as killing you.

. According to Hursthouse's characterization of virtue ethics, an action is right if and only if

it is what a virtuous person would do in the circumstances.

it is what a vicious person would not avoid doing in the circumstances.

it produces the most virtue in the world compared to alternative actions.

all of the above

. Which of the following is an example of a virtue?

honesty

courage

kindness

all of the above

. Marquis argues that abortion is morally wrong by

showing that a fetus is a person with full moral rights, including the right to life.

appealing to the fact that a fetus is biologically human and arguing that it is presumptively morally wrong to kill biologically human beings.

showing that a fetus is sentient and that it is morally wrong to harm and kill sentient creatures.

none of the above

. According to Marquis, abortion is

absolutely wrong.

seriously presumptively wrong.

generally permissible.

always permissible.

. If Thomson's conclusion is correct, then

the abortion issue cannot be settled just by determining at what stage (if any) the fetus is a person.

abortion is always morally permissible.

abortion is never morally permissible.

the abortion issue can be settled just by determining at what stage (if any) the fetus is a person.

. Thomson's appeal to the vices of callousness and self-centeredness relates to what kind of approach to abortion?

deontological approach

Kantian approach

virtue ethics approach

consequentalist approach

. Little argues that the norms governing the moral permission of abortion are

impersonal and categorical.

merely a matter of the mother's preferences.

a complex matter of the mother's personal integrity and her ideals about motherhood and creation.

none of the above.

. Little suggests that we should think about the abortion issue in terms of degrees and layers because

the fetus gains a more certain claim to the right to life over time.

the fetus gains more capacities over time.

a gestating mother is somewhere in between a mere biological mother and a mother in a thick, normative sense.

the gestating mother has different degrees and layers of preferences.

. The labels "pro-choice" and "liberal" are often used to refer to those who morally oppose abortion.

True

False

. Patrick Lee and Robert George argue that human embryos are incomplete human beings.

True

False

. Lee and George argue that every individual person is identical to a physical organism.

True

False

. According to Hursthouse, virtue ethics answered both the question "What should I do?" and the question "What sort of person should I be?"

True

False

. Marquis claims that his explanation for what makes killing wrong is compatible with the view that it is wrong to kill only beings that are biologically human.

True

False

. According to Thomson, in some cases abortion will be callous or self-centered, and in such cases a woman ought not to choose abortion.

True

False

. Thomson argues that we ought to adopt Good Samaritan laws or Very Good Samaritan laws, instead of Minimally Decent Samaritan laws.

True

False

. Thomson argues in favor of the right to secure the death of an unborn child.

True

False

. Little claims that the fact of being a mother is a purely biological matter.

True

False

. According to Little, some cases where we might say that bringing a child into the world causes a harm to the child can be explained by the violence the that such an act would do to the mother's ideals of creation and parenthood.

True

False

. Some of the recent moral and legal controversy over abortion has focused on a particular procedure known as intact dilation and extraction, which its opponents refer to as _________ birth abortion.

. The 1973 U.S. Supreme Court decision in _________v. Wade made many abortions legal.

. Lee and George believe that fetuses are _________, if immature, human beings.

. According to Lee and George, the choice of abortion is _________ wrong in the sense that the choice is wrong regardless of how someone feels about it.

. According to Hursthouse, the abortion debate is typically cast in terms of the apparent and conflicting _________ of the fetus and the pregnant woman.

. Marquis argues that it is wrong to kill normal adult human beings because they have a "_________ like ours."

. According to Marquis, what primarily makes killing wrong is neither its effect on the murderer nor its effect on the victim's friends and relatives but rather its effect on the _________.

. Thomson notes that in most states in the United States women are compelled by law to be not merely minimally decent Samaritans, but _________ Samaritans to unborn persons inside them.

. Thomson argues that parents do not have any special responsibility for their child simply by virtue of their _________ relationship to it.

. In opposition to the classical liberal and conservative view, Little suggests that there are _________ to personhood.

. According to Little, thinking about abortion should be marked by how an individual person considers what it means to be a _________ creator.

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