Chapter 6 Questions

. Which of the following statements corresponds to Cudd and Jones' ultimate definition of sexism?

institutional preference for men over women

anything that creates, promoted, sustains, or exploits a distinction between the sexes based on biological differences

pernicious distinctions between the sexes in institutional or interpersonal settings

a historically and globally pervasive form of oppression against women

. What is "the man standard"?

a standard for experimental medical trials according to which doctors are to use only men as research subjects

a shorthand term for what is also called "reverse sexism"

accepting the behavior, activities, and attitudes of men to be the human norm.

the unconscious desire of many employers to hire and promote men over women.

. Difference feminism maintains that which of the following is the primary medium of sexism?

ignorance of the equality between men and women

ignorance of the differences between men and women

social institutions

unconscious desires

. Which of the following best characterizes Garcia's account of racism?

Racism consists of the performance of actions with negative consequences for a given race.

Racism consists of racially based disregard for the welfare of certain people.

Racism consists of the having unjustified beliefs about members of a given race.

Only institutions can be racist, not individuals.

. Garcia tries to accommodate the fact that racist people normally believe in the superiority of their race by claiming that

racism is a matter of what one believes and not what one feels.

it is logically impossible for a racist person to not have such beliefs.

these beliefs are essential to the nature of racism.

while these beliefs are not necessary to be racist, they can be used to rationalize one's vicious disregard for another race.

. Which of the following best characterizes Garcia's view about the relationship between individual and institutional racism?

Individual racism is wrong, but institutional racism is not.

Individual racism is wrong because it perpetuates institutional racism.

Institutional racism is wrong because it results from individual racism.

Individual and institutional racism are both wrong, but they involve fundamentally different kinds of racism.

. If there are really no such things as "races," then Garcia would agree that

one could still make distinctions based on racial classifications, and this could allow for racism.

there can be no such thing as racism per se.

denying the existence of racism is itself a racist act.

all biological categories will have to be invalid as well.

. Shelby argues for the following connection between racist beliefs and racism:

Racist beliefs are necessary for one to be racist.

Racist beliefs are sufficient for one to be racist.

both A and B

neither A nor B: only racist attitudes are required for one to be racist

. Shelby says that the concept "fornication" can be used to illustrate one obstacle against the "thick concept" approach to moral analysis. This is because

there is little historical information about the practice of fornication.

the ordinary use of the concept is vague or inconsistent.

it is not obvious that fornication is wrong, and so any analysis of it would have to explain why it is wrong.

fornication is so common that it is difficult to take an objective stance with respect to it.

. Elizabeth Anderson argues that

we have a moral obligation to formally desegregate.

we have a moral obligation to spatially integrate.

we have a moral obligation to formally socially integrate.

All of the above.

. According to Anderson, informal social integration is achieved when

people of different races cooperate given defined social roles.

people of different races engage cooperatively with one another with trust, ease, affiliation, and intimacy.

people of different races can inhabit the same spaces under the assumption of equality, so that no person is left out of the space on the basis of race.

we have given up the idea that there are distinct races.

. One way that we can tell that integration is good, according to Anderson, is by seeing that

it makes racists angry.

it is a requirement of the U.S. Constitution.

people who are brought together into integrating living environments go on to choose to live in integrated places.

people will voluntarily choose to live in integrated environments regardless of their past life experiences.

. One harm of segregation is, on Anderson's view, that it undermines

democracy.

freedom.

individual rights to life.

all of the above.

. IAT stands for

Implicit Bias Test.

Important Bias Test.

Incongruent Beliefs Test.

Implicit Beliefs Test.

. According to Kelly and Roeder, the empirical literature on implicit bias suggests that

There is no way to know whether or not implicit biases are morally problematic.

Unconscious or implicit beliefs and attitudes do not exist.

We cannot know if there the widespread implicit bias.

There is widespread implicit racial bias.

. According to skeptics of feminist theory, sexism is no longer a problem in Western countries.

True

False

. According to Cudd and Jones, there are no cases in which one can be sexist without being culpable.

True

False

. Garcia argues that the core of racism is not a matter of belief but instead a matter of one's desires, hopes, and goals.

True

False

. Tommie Shelby argues that every philosophical inquiry into the nature of racism must show that racism is inherently evil.

True

False

. According to Shelby, racism is fundamentally a kind of ideology.

True

False

. Elizabeth Anderson thinks that it would be good to integrate even if we are not obligated to do so.

True

False

. Anderson argues that there are five distinct stages of integration.

True

False

. According to Anderson, all that it takes to mitigate the detrimental effects on socio-economic opportunity brought about by serration is to formally desegregate.

True

False

. Kelly and Roeder think that the implicit racial biases raise interesting questions about the ethics of minimally mental attitudes.

True

False

. The results of implicit association tests are often strikingly at odds with their explicitly reported attitudes and beliefs.

True

False

. _________ sexism involves interactions between persons who are not governed by explicit rules.

. _________ feminists hold that social institutions are the result (rather than the cause) of sexism.

. Garcia claims that the immorality of racism consists in vicious failures in the moral virtues of _________ (i.e., regard for the welfare of others) and justice.

. According to Garcia, racism is an interesting case study in _________ models of wrongdoing, according to which an action is wrong because of the moral disvalue that goes into it rather than the nonmoral values of what comes out of it.

. Shelby defines a(n)_________ as a widely accepted illusory system of belief that functions to establish or reinforce structures of social oppression.

. In response to Garcia, Shelby argues that, in determining whether an individual is racist, it is not enough to know that he or she harbors ill will toward blacks. We must also know why he or she has this ill will, and this, he says, requires learning about his or her _________ about the racial characteristics of black people.

. Anderson thinks that the U.S. has reached the first stage of racial integration, _________ desegregation.

. Spatial and Social segregation costs economic opportunity in the form of _________ capital.

. One way that Daniel Kelly and Erica Roeder describe implicit attitudes is in terms of _________ unconscious beliefs.

. Results of implicit bias tests are often at odds with _________ attitudes, intentions, and beliefs.

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