Chapter 10 Questions

. What is the main difference between a cloned (SCNT) individual and an individual who is a product of normal sexual reproduction?

The SCNT individual has genetic material primarily from one person instead of two.

The SCNT individual has genetic material primarily from two people instead of one.

The SCNT individual has no genetic material.

There is no significant difference.

. In therapeutic cloning, the goal is to

produce and raise a child.

go down a slippery slope.

treat disease.

none of the above

. What does SCNT stand for, as used in the discussion on cloning?

skin cell nuclear transfer

stem cell nuclear transmission

somatic cell nuclear transfer

none of the above

. According to Kass, one problem with cloning is that

cloned individuals are likely to experience psychological and social identity problems.

cloned individuals cannot be created quickly enough.

there are no problems with cloning.

none of the above

. According to Kass the fact that people (like him) feel repugnance at the thought of human reproductive cloning

shows conclusively that reproductive cloning is always wrong.

shows conclusively that reproductive cloning is sometimes wrong.

has nothing to do with the morality of cloning.

is a sign that something is wrong with reproductive cloning.

. What is Pence's main objective in his article "Will Cloning Harm People?"

to use consequentialist arguments to show that cloning is immoral

to object to consequentialist arguments against cloning

to use Kant's humanity formulation to show that cloning is immoral

to use Kant's humanity formulation to show that cloning is morally acceptable

. Pence compares six different cases of reproduction, from natural twinning to SCNT. What conclusion does he draw from this comparison?

SCNT is not a different kind of reproduction because there are no morally relevant differences between it and other permissible means of reproduction.

Because there is a low risk of harm for natural twinning, there will be a low risk of harm for SCNT.

both A and B

neither A nor B

. Which of the following is not an objection Pence gives to the argument that SCNT is not best for the child?

The argument assumes genetic determinism or genetic reductionism.

The expectations people will place on SCNT individuals could be no worse than normal expectations of children created sexually.

People's prejudicial attitudes are likely to change.

If people's prejudicial attitudes do not change, then we should not allow SCNT.

. Sandel believes that the use of genetic enhancement is inherently wrong because

its use would be unsafe.

its use would be unfair.

both of the above

none of the above

. According to Sandel, eugenics and genetic enhancement can be seen to be wrong from a secular perspective because they would produce unwelcome changes in

humility.

responsibility.

solidarity.

all of the above

. Sandel's case against moral engineering can best be considered

a Kantian approach.

an application of the ethics of prima facie duty.

a virtue ethics approach.

a natural law theory approach.

. Kamm claims that Sandel's moral distinction between treatment and enhancement assumes that

nature in itself has no moral value.

nature is sacred and should be honored.

human beings want enhancement more than they want treatment.

there is no moral difference between treatment and enhancement.

. In response to Sandel's "social justice" argument, Kamm argues that

even if we were able to enhance ourselves or others, we would not thereby be obligated to do so.

there is a difference between (i) choosing that one have a certain trait and (ii) being responsible for bearing the costs of that choice.

having the option to enhance will lead to fewer instances of people who require the assistance of others.

all of the above

. Which of the following is a "positional good," according to Peter Singer's definition?

being at least six feet tall (in a population where this is above average)

having an IQ of at least 150 (in a population where this is the average)

being at least six feet tall (in a population where this is the average)

all of the above

. If a global ban would not be effective in prohibiting genetic engineering that goes beyond eliminating obvious defects, then Singer suggests which "bolder" strategy?

creating a world military that would enforce the ban with greater strength

requiring genetic engineering for every newborn child

using a lottery system so everyone gets a fair chance at the benefits of genetic engineering

none of the above

. Singer claims that the best way to avoid loss of equality of opportunity through the genetic supermarket is to

provide genetic enhancement to those at the top and limit it to those at the bottom.

provide genetic enhancement to those at the bottom and limit it to those at the top.

distinguish intrinsic from positional goods.

enact a global ban on genetic enhancement.

. The crucial difference between sexual and asexual reproduction is that only the former requires sexual intercourse.

True

False

. Genetic enhancement requires asexual reproduction.

True

False

. Kass's only argument against cloning is that it will lead to a dystopian world much like the one described in Brave New World.

True

False

. Kass claims that almost everybody thinks about cloning from the point of view of the cloned child, rather than from the point of view of adults choosing to clone.

True

False

. According to Pence, there is a risk of SCNT babies turning out abnormal.

True

False

. According to Sandel, the ethics of effort is superior to the ethics of giftedness.

True

False

. Sandel argues that cloning is wrong because it violates the autonomy of the cloned individual.

True

False

. In response to Sandel's "enhancement versus treatment" argument, Kamm claims that nature can fail to be good and the good can fail to be natural.

True

False

. Kamm discusses the case of someone who is careless with his hairdryer to illustrate the point that we are not always responsible for bearing the costs of our mistakes.

True

False

. According to Singer, preventing the possible social harms of the genetic supermarket will require addressing very difficult fundamental value questions.

True

False

. _________ cloning is cloning whose main purpose is to produce an individual member of a species.

. _________ is the project of "improving" humanity by bringing about genetic changes in future generations.

. Kass claims that in some cases _________ is "the emotional expression of deep wisdom, beyond reason's power to completely articulate it."

. In Kass's view, cloning "turns procreation into _________" because "the total genetic blueprint of the cloned individual is selected and determined by the human artisans."

. In responding to the objection that choosing a child's genotype will tell us how the new child will live, Pence argues that this sort of reasoning is based on a false view of genetic _________.

. Sandel argues, "The real problem with genetically altered athletes is that they corrupt athletic competition as a human activity that honors the cultivation and display of natural _________."

. In Sandel's view, "striving is not the point of sports; _________ is."

. Kamm contrasts Sandel's view about "balancing" acceptance and transformative love and a view he calls _________, according to which the goal of enhancement is not perfection but mastery as a means to getting sufficient goods.

. After rejecting the claim that the genetic supermarket harms the individuals who use the market or are created by it, Peter Singer moves on to focus on the _________ harms of the market.

. Singer raises several concerns that the genetic supermarket could reduce equality of _________.

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