Textbook

Farquhar, G. D., and Sharkey, T. D. (1982) Stomatal conductance and photosynthesis. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. 33: 317–345.

Photosynthesis is Influenced by Leaf Properties

Ehleringer, J. R., and Forseth, I. (1980) Solar tracking by plants. Science 210: 1094–1098.

Ehleringer, J. R., Björkman, O., and Mooney, H. A. (1976) Leaf pubescence: Effects on absorptance and photosynthesis in a desert shrub. Science 192: 376–377.

Koller, D. (2000) Plants in search of sunlight. Adv. Bot. Res. 33: 35–131.

Gommers, C. M., Visser, E. J., St Onge, K. R., Voesenek, L. A., and Pierik, R. (2013) Shade tolerance: When growing tall is not an option. Trends Plant Sci. 18: 65–71.

Pearcy, R. W. and Way, D. A. (2012) Two decades of sunfleck research: looking back to move forward. Tree Physiol. 32: 1059–1061.

Sandquist, D. R., and Ehleringer, J. R. (1997) Intraspecific variation of leaf pubescence and drought response in Encelia farinosa. Genetic differentiation associated with contrasting desert environments. New Phytol. 135: 635–644.

Smith, H. (1986). The perception of light quality. In Photomorphogenesis in Plants, R. E. Kendrick and G. H. M. Kronenberg, eds., Nijhoff, Dordrecht, Netherlands, pp. 187–217.

Smith, H. (1994) Sensing the light environment: The functions of the phytochrome family. In Photomorphogenesis in Plants, 2nd ed., R. E. Kendrick and G. H. M. Kronenberg, eds., Nijhoff, Dordrecht, Netherlands, pp. 377–416.

Terashima, I., Hanba, Y. T., Tholen, D., and Niinemets, U. (2011) Leaf functional anatomy in relation to photosynthesis. Plant Physiol. 155: 108–116.

Vogelmann, T. C. (1993) Plant tissue optics. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 44: 231–251.

Vogelmann, T. C., and Björn, L. O. (1983) Response to directional light by leaves of a sun-tracking lupine (Lupinus succulentus). Physiol. Plant. 59: 533–538.

Effects of Light on Photosynthesis in the Intact Leaf

Adams, W. W., Zarter, C. R., Ebbert, V., and Demmig-Adams, B. (2004) Photoprotective strategies of overwintering evergreens. Bioscience 54: 41–49.

Björkman, O. (1981) Responses to different quantum flux densities. In Encyclopedia of Plant Physiology, New Series, Vol. 12A, O. L. Lange, P. S. Nobel, C. B. Osmond, and H. Zeigler, eds., Springer, Berlin, pp. 57–107.

Demmig-Adams, B., and Adams, W. (1996) The role of xanthophyll cycle carotenoids in the protection of photosynthesis. Trends Plant Sci. 1: 21–26.

Demming-Adams, B., and Adams, W. (2000) Harvesting sunlight safely. Nature 403: 371–372.

Gorton, H. L., Williams, W. E., and Vogelmann, T. C. (1999) Chloroplast movement in Alocasia macrorrhiza. Physiol. Plant. 106: 421–428.

Harvey, G. W. (1979) Photosynthetic performance of isolated leaf cells from sun and shade plants. Carnegie Inst. Wash. Yb. 79: 161–164.

Haupt, W., and Scheuerlein, R. (1990) Chloroplast movement. Plant Cell Environ. 13: 595–614.

Jarvis, P. G., and Leverenz, J. W. (1983) Productivity of temperate, deciduous and evergreen forests. In Encyclopedia of Plant Physiology, New Series, Vol. 12D, O. L. Lange, P. S. Nobel, C. B. Osmond, and H. Ziegler, eds., Springer, Berlin, pp. 233–280.

Osmond, C. B. (1994) What is photoinhibition? Some insights from comparisons of shade and sun plants. In Photoinhibition of Photosynthesis: From Molecular Mechanisms to the Field, N. R. Baker and J. R. Bowyer, eds., BIOS Scientific, Oxford, pp. 1–24.

Tlalka, M., and Fricker, M. (1999) The role of calcium in blue-light-dependent chloroplast movement in Lemna trisulca L. Plant J. 20: 461–473.

von Braun, S. S., and Schleiff, E. (2007) Movement of endosymbiotic organelles. Curr. Protein Pept. Sci. 8: 426–438.

Zhu, X. G., Long, S. P., and Ort, D. R. (2010) Improving photosynthetic efficiency for greater yield. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 61: 235–261.

Effects of Temperature on Photosynthesis in the Intact Leaf

Berry, J., and Björkman, O. (1980) Photosynthetic response and adaptation to temperature in higher plants. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. 31: 491–543.

Campbell, G. S., and Norman, J. H. (1998) An Introduction to Environmental Biophysics, 2nd ed. Springer-Verlag, New York.

Ehleringer, J. R. (1978) Implications of quantum yield differences on the distributions of C₃ and C₄ grasses. Oecologia 31: 255–267.

Ehleringer, J. R., Cerling, T. E., and Helliker, B. R. (1997) C₄ photosynthesis, atmospheric CO₂, and climate. Oecologia 112: 285–299.

Geiger, D. R., and Servaites, J. C. (1994) Diurnal regulation of photosynthetic carbon metabolism in C₃ plants. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 45: 235–256.

Sage, R. F. (2013) Photorespiratory compensation: a driver for biological diversity. Plant Biol. 15: 624–638.

Sage, R. F., and Sharkey, T. D. (1987) The effect of temperature on the occurrence of O₂ and CO₂ insensitive photosynthesis in field grown plants. Plant Physiol. 84: 658–664.

Sage, R. F., Sage, T. L., and Kocacinar, F. (2012) Photorespiration and the evolution of C₄ photosynthesis. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 63: 19–47.

Sharkey, T. D., and Zhang, R. (2010) High temperature effects on electron and proton circuits of photosynthesis. J. Integr. Plant Biol. 52: 712–722.

Effects of Carbon Dioxide on Photosynthesis in the Intact Leaf

Ainsworth, E. A., and Rogers, A. (2007) The response of photosynthesis and stomatal conductance to rising [CO₂]. Plant Cell Environ. 30: 258–270.

Barnola, J. M., Raynaud, D., Lorius, C., and Korothevich, Y. S. (1994) Historical CO₂ record from the Vostok ice core. In Trends ’93: A Compendium of Data on Global Change, T. A. Boden, D. P. Kaiser, R. J. Sepanski, and F. W. Stoss, eds., Carbon Dioxide Information Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, pp. 7–10.

Berry, J. A., and Downton, J. S. (1982) Environmental regulation of photosynthesis. In Photosynthesis: Development, Carbon Metabolism and Plant Productivity, Vol. 2, Govindjee, ed., Academic Press, New York, pp. 263–343.

Ehleringer, J. R., Cerling, T. E., and Helliker, B. R. (1997) C₄ photosynthesis, atmospheric CO₂, and climate. Oecologia 112: 285–299.

Gibson, A. C., and Nobel, P. S. (1986) The Cactus Primer. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.

IPCC. (2013) Summary for policy makers. In: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis, Contribution of Working Group 1 to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, T. F. Stocker, D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S. K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex, and P. M. Midgley, eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge and New York.

Keeling, C. D., and Whorf, T. P. (1994) Atmospheric CO₂ records from sites in the SIO air sampling network. In Trends ’93: A Compendium of Data on Global Change, T. A. Boden, D. P. Kaiser, R. J. Sepanski, and F. W. Stoss, eds., Carbon Dioxide Information Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, pp. 16–26.

Keeling, C. D., Piper, S. C., Bacastow, R. B., Wahlen, M., Whorf, T. P., Heiman, M., and Meijer, H. A. (2005) Atmospheric CO₂ and ¹³CO₂ exchange with the terrestrial biosphere and oceans from 1978 to 2000: Observations and carbon cycle implications. In A History of Atmospheric CO₂ and its Effects on Plants, Animals, and Ecosystems, J. R. Ehleringer, T. E. Cerling, and M. D. Dearing, eds., Springer-Verlag, New York, pp 83–112.

Keeling, C. D., Whorf, T. P., Wahlen, M., and Van der Plicht, J. (1995) Interannual extremes in the rate of rise of atmospheric carbon dioxide since 1980. Nature 375: 666–670.

Long, S. P., Ainsworth, E. A., Leakey, A. D., Nosberger, J., and Ort, D. R. (2006) Food for thought: Lower-than-expected crop stimulation with rising CO₂ concentrations. Science 312: 1918–1921.

Long, S. P., Ainsworth, E. A., Rogers, A., and Ort, D. R. (2004) Rising atmospheric carbon dioxide: Plants FACE the future. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 55: 591–628.

Loreto, F., Harley, P. C., Di Marco, G., and Sharkey, T. D. (1992) Estimation of mesophyll conductance to CO₂ flux by three different methods. Plant Physiol. 98: 1437–1443.

Neftel, A., Friedle, H., Moor, E., Lötscher, H., Oeschger, H., Siegenthaler, U., and Stauffer, B. (1994) Historical CO₂ record from the Siple Station ice core. In Trends ’93: A Compendium of Data on Global Change, T. A. Boden, D. P. Kaiser, R. J. Sepanski, and F. W. Stoss, eds., Carbon Dioxide Information Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, pp. 11–15.

Terashima, I., Hanba, Y. T., Tholen, D., and Niinemets, U. (2011) Leaf functional anatomy in relation to photosynthesis. Plant Physiol. 155: 108–116.

Sage, R. F., Sage, T. L., and Kocacinar, F. (2012) Photorespiration and the evolution of C4 photosynthesis. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 63: 19–47.

Norby, R. J., and Zak, D. R. (2011) Ecological lessons from free-air CO₂ enrichment (FACE) experiments. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 42: 181–203.

von Caemmerer, S. (2000) Biochemical Models of Leaf Photosynthesis. CSIRO, Melbourne, Australia.

Stable Isotopes Record Photosynthetic Properties

Bowling, D. R., Pataki, D. E., and Randerson, J. T. (2008) Carbon isotopes in terrestrial ecosystem pools and CO₂ fluxes. New Phytol. 178: 24–40.

Cerling, T. E., Harris, J. M., MacFadden, B. J., Leakey, M. G., Quade, J., Eisenmann, V., and Ehleringer, J. R. (1997) Global vegetation change through the Miocene–Pliocene boundary. Nature 389: 153–158.

Cerling, T. E., Wittemyer, G., Ehleringer, J. R., Remien, C. H., and Douglas-Hamilton, I. (2009) History of animals using isotope records (HAIR): A 6-year dietary history of one family of African elephants. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 106: 8093–8100.

Ehleringer, J. R., Hall, A. E., and Farquhar, G. D., eds. (1993) Stable Isotopes and Plant Carbon-Water Relations. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.

Farquhar, G. D., Ehleringer, J. R., and Hubick, K. T. (1989) Carbon isotope discrimination and photosynthesis. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 40: 503–538.

Stewart, G. R., Turnbull, M. H., Schmidt, S., and Erskine, P. D. (1995) ¹³C natural abundance in plant communities along a rainfall gradient: A biological integrator of water availability. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 22: 51–55.

Web Topics

Anderson, J. M. (1986) Photoregulation of the composition, function, and structure of thylakoid membranes. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. 37: 93–136.

Antolovich, M., X. Li, and K. Robards. 2001. Detection of adulteration in Australian orange juices by stable carbon isotope ratio analysis (SCIRA). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 49: 2623–2626.

Barnola, J. M., Raynaud, D., Lorius, C., and Korotkevich, Y. S. (1994) Historical CO₂ record from the Vostok ice core. In Trends '93: A Compendium of Data on Global Change, T. A. Boden, D. P. Kaiser, R. J. Sepanski, and F. W. Stoss, eds., ORNL/CDIAC-65, Carbon Dioxide Information Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, pp 7–10.

Berry, J., and Björkman, O. (1980) Photosynthetic response and adaptation to temperature in higher plants. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. 31: 491–543.

Björkman, O. (1981) Responses to different quantum flux densities. In Encyclopedia of Plant Physiology, New Series, Vol. 12A, O. L. Lange, P. S. Nobel, C. B. Osmond, and H. Zeigler, eds., Springer, Berlin, pp. 57–107.

Björn, L. O., and Vogelmann, T. C. (1994) Quantification of light. In Photomorphogenesis in Plants, 2^nd ed., R. E. Kendrick and G. H. M. Kronenberg, eds., Kluwer, Dordrecht, Netherlands, pp. 17–25.

Brasseur, G. P., and Chatfield, R. B. (1991) The fate of biogenic trace gases in the atmosphere. In Trace Gas Emission from Plants, T. D. Sharkey, E. A. Holland, and H. A. Mooney, eds., Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 1–27.

Brugnoli, E., and Björkman, O. (1992) Chloroplast movements in leaves: Influence on chlorophyll fluorescence and measurements of light-induced absorbance changes related to delta-pH and zeaxanthin formation. Photosynth. Res. 32: 23–35.

Campbell, G. S. (1977) An Introduction to Environmental Biophysics. Springer, New York.

Carro, O., C. Hillaire-Marcel, and M. Gagnon. 1980. Sugars and sugar products: Detection of adulterated maple products by stable carbon isotope ratio. Journal of Associated Official Analytical Chemistry 63:840–845.

Cerling, T. E., Harris, J. M., MacFadden, B. J., Leakey, M. G., Quade, J., Eisenmann, V., and Ehleringer, J. R. (1997) Global vegetation change through the Miocene/Pliocene boundary. Nature 389: 153–158.

Cerling, T. E., Wang, Y., and Quade, J. (1993) Expansion of C4 ecosystems as an indicator of global ecological change in the late Miocene. Nature 361: 344–345.

Demmig-Adams, B., Gilmore, A. M., and Adams, W. (1996) In vivo functions of carotenoids in higher plants. FASEB J. 10: 403–412.

Ehleringer, J.R., T.E. Cerling, and M.D. Dearing (eds.). 2005. A history of atmospheric CO₂ and its effect on plants, animals, and ecosystems. Springer Verlag, New York.

Ehleringer, J.R., T.E. Cerling, and B.R. Helliker. 1997. C₄ photosynthesis, atmospheric CO₂, and climate. Oecologia 112:285–299.

Ehleringer, J.R. and T.E. Cerling. 2001. Photosynthetic pathways and climate, p. 267–277. In E.-D. Schulze, M. Heimann, S.P. Harrison, E.A. Holland, J. Lloyd, I.C. Prentice, and D. Schimel (eds.), Global biogeochemical cycles in the climate system. Academic Press, San Diego

Ehleringer, J. R., and R. K. Monson. 1993. Evolutionary and Ecological Aspects of Photosynthetic Pathway Variation. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 24: 411–439.

Ehleringer, J., Björkman, O., and Mooney, H. A. (1976) Leaf pubescence: Effects on absorptance and photosynthesis in a desert shrub. Science 192: 376–377.

Ehleringer, J., and Forseth, I. (1980) Solar tracking by plants. Science 210: 1094–1098.

Ehleringer, J. A., and Björkman, O. (1977) Quantum yields for CO₂ uptake in C₃ and C₄ plants. Plant Physiol. 59: 86–90.

Farquhar, G. D., Ehleringer, J. R., and Hubick, K. T. (1989) Carbon isotope discrimination and photosynthesis. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 40: 503–537.

Geiger, D. R., and Servaites, J. C. (1994) Diurnal regulation of photosynthetic carbon metabolism in C₃ plants. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 45: 235–256.

Harvey, G. W. (1979) Photosynthetic performance of isolated leaf cells from sun and shade plants. Carnegie Inst. Washington Yearbook 79: 161–164.

Havaux, M., Tardy, F., Ravenel, J., and Parot, P. (1996) Thylakoid membrane stability to heat stress studied by flash spectroscopic measurements of the electrochromic shift in intact potato leaves: Influence of the xanthophyll content. Plant Cell Environ. 19: 1359–1368.

Hendry G.R., Ellsworth D.S., Lewin K.F., Nagy J. 1999. A free-air enrichment system for exposing tall forest vegetation to elevated atmospheric CO₂. Global Change Biology 5:293–309.

Holmes, M. G., Klein, W. H., and Sager, J. C. (1985) Photons, flux, and some light on philology. Hort. Sci. 20: 29–31.

Ibanez, M. and Castellvi, F. (2000) Simplifying daily evapotranspiration estimates over short full-canopy crops. Agronomy J. 92:628-632.

Jarvis, P. G., and Leverenz, J. W. (1983) Productivity of temperate, deciduous and evergreen forests. In Encyclopedia of Plant Physiology, New Series, Vol. 12D, O. L. Lange, P. S. Nobel, C. B. Osmond, and H. Zeigler, eds., Springer, Berlin, pp. 233–280.

Jouzel, J., G. Raisbeck, J. P. Benoist, F. Yiou, C. Lorius, D. Raynaud, J. R. Petit, N. I. Barkov, Y. S. Korotkevitch, and V. M. Kotlyakov. 1989. A comparison of deep Antarctic ice cores and their implications for climate between 650,000 and 15,000 years ago. Quaternary Research 31:135–150.

Keeling, C. D., and Whorf, T. P. (1994) Atmospheric CO₂ records from sites in the SIO air sampling network. In Trends '93: A Compendium of Data on Global Change, T. A. Boden, D. P. Kaiser, R. J. Sepanski, and F. W. Stoss, eds., ORNL/CDIAC-65, Carbon Dioxide Information Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, pp 16–26.

Keeling, C. D., Whorf, T. P., Wahlen, M., and Van der Plicht, J. (1995) Interannual extremes in the rate of rise of atmospheric carbon dioxide since 1980. Nature 375: 666–670.

Kirk, J. T. (1994) Light and Photosynthesis in Aquatic Ecosystems. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Kok, B. (1956) On the inhibition of photosynthesis by intense light. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 21: 234–244.

Koller, D., Ritter, S., Briggs, W. R., and Schäfer, E. (1990) Action dichroism in perception of vectorial photo-excitation in the solar-tracking leaf of Lavatera cretica L. Planta 181: 184–190.

Kueppers, M., Heiland, I., Schneider, H., and Neugebauer, P. J. (1999) Light-flecks cause non-uniform stomatal opening: Studies with special emphasis on Fagus sylvatica. L. Trees 14: 130–144.

Long S.P., Ainsworth E.A., Rogers A, Ort DR 2004. Rising atmospheric carbon dioxide; plants FACE the future. Annual Review Plant Biology 55:591–628.

McCree, K. J. (1981) Photosynthetically active radiation. In Encyclopedia of Plant Physiology, New Series, Vol. 12A, O. L. Lange, P. S. Nobel, C. B. Osmond, and H. Zeigler, eds., Springer, Berlin, pp. 41–55.

McLeod A.R., Long S.P. 1999. Free-air carbon dioxide enrichment (FACE) in global change research. Advances in Ecological Research 28:1–55.

Monson, R. K. 1989. On the evolutionary pathways resulting in C₄ photosynthesis and Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM). Advances in Ecological Research 19:57–110.

Melis, A. (1996) Excitation energy transfer: Functional and dynamic aspects of Lhc (cab) proteins. In Oxygenic Photosynthesis: The Light Reactions, D. R. Ort and C. F. Yocum, eds., Kluwer, Dordrecht, Netherlands, pp. 523–538.

Neftel, A., Friedle, H., Moor, E., Lötscher, H., Oeschger, H., Siegenthaler, U., and Stauffer, B. (1994) Historical CO₂ record from the Siple Station ice core. In Trends '93: A Compendium of Data on Global Change, T. A. Boden, D. P. Kaiser, R. J. Sepanski, and F. W. Stoss, eds., ORNL/CDIAC-65, Carbon Dioxide Information Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, pp 11–15.

Nobel, P. S. (1999) Physicochemical and Environmental Plant Physiology, Second Edition. Academic Press, San Diego.

Norby R.J. et al. 2005. Forest response to elevated CO₂ is conserved across a broad range of productivity. Proceedings of the USA National Academy of Sciences 102:18052–18056.

Ögren, E., and Sjöström, M. (1990) Estimation of the effect of photoinhibition on the carbon gain in leaves of a willow canopy. Planta 181: 560–567.

O'Leary, M. H. (1988) Carbon isotopes in photosynthesis. BioScience 38: 328–333.

Ort, D. R., and Baker, N. R. (1988) Consideration of photosynthetic efficiency at low light as a major determinant of crop photosynthetic performance. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 26: 555–565.

Petit, J. R., J. Jouzel, D. Raynaud, N. I. Barkov, J.-M. Barnola, I. Basile, M. Benders, J. Chappellaz, M. Davis, G. Delaygue, M. Delmotte, V. M. Kotlyakov, M. Legrand, V. Y. Lipenkov, C. Lorius, L. Pépin, C. Ritz, E. Saltzman, and M. Stievenard. 1999. Climate and atomspheric history of the past 420,000 years from the Vostok ice core, Antarctica. Nature 399:429–436.

Richter, T., and Fukshansky, L. (1996) Optics of a bifacial leaf: 2. Light regime as affected by leaf structure and the light source. Photochem. Photobiol. 63: 517–527.

Rupert, C. S., and Letarjet, R. (1978) Toward a nomenclature and dosimetric scheme applicable to all radiations. Photochem. Photobiol. 28: 3–5.

Sage, R. F., and R. K. Monson, Eds. 1999. C₄ Plant Biology. Academic Press, San Diego.

Sage, R. F., and Sharkey, T. D. (1987) The effect of temperature on the occurrence of O₂ and CO₂ insensitive photosynthesis in field grown plants. Plant Physiol. 84: 658–664.

Sharkey, T. D., and Singsaas, E. L. (1995) Why plants emit isoprene. Nature 374: 769.

Siebke, K., and Weis, E. (1995) Assimilation images of leaves of Glechoma hederacea: Analysis of non-synchronous stomata related oscillations. Planta 196: 155–165.

Smith, H. (1994). Sensing the light environment: The functions of the phytochrome family. In Photomorphogenesis in Plants, R. E. Kendrick, and G. H. M. Kronenberg, eds., Nijhoff, Dordrecht, Netherlands, pp. 377–416.

Syvertsen, J. P., Lloyd, J., McConchie, C., Kriedemann, P. E., and Farquhar, G. D. (1995) On the relationship between leaf anatomy and CO₂ diffusion through the mesophyll of hypostomatous leaves. Plant Cell Environ. 18: 149–157.

Tans P.P., Fung I.Y., Takahashi T. 1990. Observational constraints on the global atmospheric CO₂ budget. Science 247:1431–1438.

Terashima, I. (1989) Productive structure of a leaf. In Photosynthesis, Proceedings of the C. S. French Symposium (Plant Biology, vol. 8), W. Briggs, ed., Liss, New York, pp. 207–213.

Terashima, I. (1992) Anatomy of non-uniform leaf photosynthesis. Photosynth. Res. 31: 195–212.

Tlalka, M., and Gabrys´, H. (1993) Influence of calcium on blue-light-induced chloroplast movement in Lemna trisulca L. Planta 189: 491–498.

Vogelmann, T. C., and Björn, L. O. (1983) Response to directional light by leaves of a sun-tracking lupine (Lupinus succulentus). Physiol. Plantarum 59: 533–538.

Vogelmann, T. C., Bornman, J. F., and Yates, D. J. (1996) Focusing of light by leaf epidermal cells. Physiol. Plantarum 98: 43–56.

Vogelmann, T. C., and Martin, G. (1993) The functional significance of palisade tissue: Penetration of directional vs diffuse light. Plant Cell Environ. 16: 65–72.

von Caemmerer, S., and Farquhar, G. D. (1981) Some relationships between the biochemistry of photosynthesis and the gas exchange of leaves. Planta 153: 376–387.

Wada, M., Grolig, F., and Haupt, W. (1993) Light-oriented chloroplast positioning. Contribution to progress in photobiology. J. Photochem. Photobiol. 17: 3–25.