Textbook

Overview of Plant Growth and Development

Weigel, D., and Jürgens, G. (2002) Stem cells that make stems. Nature 415: 751–754.

Embryogenesis: The Origins of Polarity

Abe, M., Katsumata, H., Komeda, Y., and Takahashi, T. (2003) Regulation of shoot epidermal cell differentiation by a pair of homeodomain proteins in Arabidopsis. Development 130: 635–643.

Baud, S., Bellec, Y., Miquel, M., Bellini, C., Caboche, M., Lepiniec, L., Faure, J. D., and Rochat, C. (2004) gurke and pasticcino3 mutants affected in embryo development are impaired in acetyl-CoA carboxylase. EMBO Rep. 5: 515–520.

Berleth, T., and Jürgens, G. (1993) The role of the MONOPTEROS gene in organising the basal body region of the Arabidopsis embryo. Development 118: 575–587.

Blilou, I., Xu, J., Wildwater, M., Willemsen, V., Paponov, I., Friml, J., Heidstra, R., Aida, M., Palme, K., and Scheres, B. (2005) The PIN auxin efflux facilitator network controls growth and patterning in Arabidopsis roots. Nature 433: 39–44.

Bruck, D. K., and Walker, D. B. (1985) Cell determination during embryogenesis in Citrus jambhiri. I. Ontogeny of the epidermis. Bot. Gaz. 146: 188–195.

Di Laurenzio, L., Wysocka-Diller, J., Malamy, J. E., Pysh, L., Helariutta, Y., Freshour, G., Hahn, M. G., Feldmann, K. A., and Benfey, P. N. (1996) The SCARECROW gene regulates an asymmetric cell division that is essential for generating the radial organization of the Arabidopsis root. Cell 86: 423–433.

Friml, J., Yang, X., Michniewicz, M., Weijers, D., Quint, A., Tietz, O., Benjamins, R., Ouwerkerk, P. B., Ljung, K., Sandberg, G., et al. (2004) A PINOID-dependent binary switch in apical-basal PIN polar targeting directs auxin efflux. Science 306: 862–865.

Geldner, N., Anders, N., Wolters, H., Keicher, J., Kornberger, W., Muller, P., Delbarre, A., Ueda, T., Nakano, A., and Jürgens, G. (2003) The Arabidopsis GNOM ARF-GEF mediates endosomal recycling, auxin transport, and auxin-dependent plant growth. Cell 112: 219–230.

Hadfi, K., Speth, V. and Neuhaus, G. (1998). Auxin-induced developmental patterns in Brassica juncea embryos. Development 125: 879–887.

Hamann, T., Benkova, E., Bäurle, I., Kientz, M., and Jürgens, G. (2002) The Arabidopsis BODENLOS gene encodes an auxin response protein inhibiting MONOPTEROS-mediated embryo patterning. Genes Dev. 16: 1610–1615.

Hardtke, C. S., and Berleth, T. (1998) The Arabidopsis gene MONOPTEROS encodes a transcription factor mediating embryo axis formation and vascular development. EMBO J. 17: 1405–1411.

Helariutta, Y., Fukaki, H., Wysocka-Diller, J., Nakajima, K., Jung, J., Sena, G., Hauser, M. T., and Benfey, P. N. (2000) The SHORT-ROOT gene controls radial patterning of the Arabidopsis root through radial signaling. Cell 101: 555–567.

Husbands, A. Y., Chitwood, D. H., Plavskin, Y. and Timmermans, M. C. (2009) Signals and prepatterns: New insights into organ polarity in plants. Genes Dev. 23: 1986–1997.

Inoue, T., Higuchi, M., Hashimoto, Y., Seki, M., Kobayashi, M., Kato, T., Tabata, S., Shinozaki, K., and Kakimoto, T. (2001) Identification of CRE1 as a cytokinin receptor from Arabidopsis. Nature 409: 1060–1063.

Javelle, M., Vernoud, V., Rogowsky, P. M. and Ingram, G. C. (2011) Epidermis: The formation and functions of a fundamental plant tissue. New Phytol. 189: 17–39.

Kim, I., Kobayashi, K., Cho, E., and Zambryski, P. C. (2005) Subdomains for transport via plasmodesmata corresponding to the apical-basal axis are established during Arabidopsis embryogenesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102: 11945–11950.

Laux, T., Würschum, T., and Breuninger, H. (2004) Genetic regulation of embryonic pattern formation. Plant Cell 16: S190–S202.

Liu, C., Xu, Z., and Chua, N. H. (1993) Auxin polar transport is essential for the establishment of bilateral symmetry during early plant embryogenesis. Plant Cell 5: 621–630.

Lu, P., Porat, R., Nadeau, J. A., and O’Neill, D. (1996) Identification of a meristem L1 layer-specific gene in Arabidopsis that is expressed during embryonic pattern formation and defines a new class of homeobox genes. Plant Cell 8: 2155–2168.

Mähönen, A. P., Bonke, M., Kauppinen, L., Riikonen, M., Benfey, P. N., and Helariutta, Y. (2000) A novel two-component hybrid molecule regulates vascular morphogenesis of the Arabidopsis root. Genes Dev. 14: 2938–2943.

Mansfield, S. G., and Briarty, L. G. (1991) Early embryogenesis in Arabidopsis thaliana: The developing embryo. Can. J. Bot. 69: 461–476.

Mayer, U., Büttner, G., and Jürgens, G. (1993) Apical–basal pattern formation in the Arabidopsis embryo: Studies on the role of the gnom gene. Development 117: 149–162.

Mayer, U., Torres-Ruiz, R. A., Berleth, T., Misera, S., and Jürgens, G. (1991) Mutations affecting body organisation in the Arabidopsis embryo. Nature 353: 402–407.

Multani, D. S., Briggs, S., Chamberlin, M. A., Blakeslee, J. J., Murphy, A. S., and Johal, G. (2003) Control of plant height in maize by an ABC transporter of the multi-drug resistance class. Science 302: 81–84.

Nakajima, K., and Benfey, P. N. (2002) Signaling in and out: Control of cell division and differentiation in the shoot and root. Plant Cell 14: S265–S276.

Nakajima, K., Sena, G., Nawy, T., and Benfey, P. N. (2001) Intercellular movement of the putative transcription factor SHR in root patterning. Nature 413: 307–311.

Pysh, L. D., Wysocka-Diller, J. W., Camilleri, C., Bouchez, D. and Benfey, P. N. (1999) The GRAS gene family in Arabidopsis: Sequence characterization and basic expression analysis of the SCARECROW-LIKE genes. Plant J. 18: 111–119.

Savaldi-Goldstein, S., Peto, C., and Chory, J. (2007) The epidermis both drives and restricts plant shoot growth. Nature 446: 199–202.

Scheres, B., Wolkenfelt, H., Willemsen, V., Terlouw, M., Lawson, E., Dean, C., and Weisbeek, P. (1994) Embryonic origin of the Arabidopsis primary root and root meristem initials. Development 120: 2475–2487.

Schrick, K., Mayer, U., Horrichs, A., Kuhnt, C., Bellini, C., Dangl, J., Schmidt, J. and Jurgens, G. (2000) FACKEL is a sterol C-14 reductase required for organized cell division and expansion in Arabidopsis embryogenesis. Genes Dev. 14: 1471–1484.

Schrick, K., Nguyen, D., Karlowski, W. M., and Mayer, K. F. (2004) START lipid/sterol-binding domains are amplified in plants and are predominantly associated with homeodomain transcription factors. Genome Biol. 5: R41.

Steinmann, T., Geldner, N., Grebe, M., Mangold, S., Jackson, C. L., Paris, S., Gälweiler, L., Palme, K., and Jürgens, G. (1999) Coordinated polar localization of auxin efflux carrier PIN1 by GNOM ARF GEF. Science 286: 316–318.

Takada, S., Takada, N., and Yoshida, A. (2013) ATML1 promotes epidermal cell differentiation in Arabidopsis shoots. Development 140: 1919–1923.

Torres-Ruiz, R. A., and Jürgens, G. (1994) Mutations in the FASS gene uncouple pattern formation and morphogenesis in Arabidopsis development. Development 120: 2967–2978.

Traas, J., Bellini, C., Nacry, P., Kronenberger, J. Bouchez, D., and Caboche, M. (1995) Normal differentiation patterns in plants lacking microtubular preprophase bands. Nature 375: 676–677.

West, M. A. L., and Harada, J. J. (1993) Embryogenesis in higher plants: An overview. Plant Cell 5: 1361–1369.

Meristematic Tissues: Foundations for Indeterminate Growth

Esau, K. (1965) Plant Anatomy. John Wiley and Sons, New York.

Gifford, E. M., and Foster, C. E. (1987) Morphology and Evolution of Vascular Plants. W. H. Freeman and Company, New York.

The Root Apical Meristem

Aida, M., Beis, D., Heidstra, R., Willemsen, V., Blilou, I., Galinha, C., Nussaume, L., Noh, Y.-S., Amasino, R., and Scheres, B. (2004) The PLETHORA genes mediate patterning of the Arabidopsis root stem cell niche. Cell 119: 109–120.

Galinha, C., Hofhuis, H., Luijten, M., Willemsen, V., Blilou, I., Heidstra, R., and Scheres, B. (2007) PLETHORA proteins as dose-dependent master regulators of Arabidopsis root development. Nature 449: 1053–1057.

Haecker, A., Gross-Hardt, R., Geiges, B., Sarkar, A., Breuninger, H., Herrmann, M., and Laux, T. (2004) Expression dynamics of WOX genes mark cell fate decisions during early embryonic patterning in Arabidopsis thaliana. Development 131: 657–668.

Jiang, K., Meng, Y. L., and Feldman, L. J. (2003) Quiescent center formation in maize roots is associated with an auxin-regulated oxidizing environment. Development 130: 1429–1438.

Müller, B., and Sheen, J. (2008) Cytokinin and auxin interaction in root stem-cell specification during early embryogenesis. Nature 453: 1094–1097.

Sabatini, S., Beis, D., Wolkenfelt, H., Murfett, J., Guilfoyle, T., Malamy, J., Benfey, P., Leyser, O., Bechtold, N., Weisbeek, P., et al. (1999) An auxin-dependent distal organizer of pattern and polarity in the Arabidopsis root. Cell 99: 463–472.

Schiefelbein, J. W., Masucci, J. D., and Wang, H. (1997) Building a root: The control of patterning and morphogenesis during root development. Plant Cell 9: 1089–1098.

Van den Berg, C., Willemsen, V., Hage, W., Weisbeek, P., and Scheres, B. (1995) Cell fate in the Arabidopsis root meristem determined by directional signaling. Nature 378: 62–65.

Zhang, W., Swarup, R., Bennett, M., Schaller, G. E. and Kieber, J. J. (2013) Cytokinin induces cell division in the quiescent center of the Arabidopsis root apical meristem. Curr. Biol. 23: 1979–1989.

The Shoot Apical Meristem

Aida, M., Ishida, T., Fukaki, H., Fujisawa, H., and Tasaka, M. (1997) Genes involved in organ separation in Arabidopsis: An analysis of the cup-shaped cotyledon mutant. Plant Cell 9: 841–857.

Bommert, P., Je, B. I., Goldshmidt, A. and Jackson, D. (2013) The maize Gα gene COMPACT PLANT2 functions in CLAVATA signalling to control shoot meristem size. Nature 502: 555–558.

Bowman, J. L., and Eshed, Y. (2000) Formation and maintenance of the shoot apical meristem. Trends Plant Sci. 5: 110–115.

Chandler, J. W., Cole, M., Flier, A., Grewe, B., and Werr, W. (2007) The AP2 transcription factors DORNROSCHEN and DORNROSCHEN-LIKE redundantly control Arabidopsis embryo patterning via interaction with PHAVOLUTA. Development 134: 1653–1662.

Gifford, E. M., and Foster, C. E. (1987) Morphology and Evolution of Vascular Plants. W. H. Freeman and Company, New York.

Hudson, A. (2005) Plant meristems: Mobile mediators of cell fate. Curr. Biol. 15: R803–805.

Izhaki, A., and Bowman, J. L. (2007) KANADI and Class III HD-Zip gene families regulate embryo patterning and modulate auxin flow during embryogenesis in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 19: 495–508.

Jackson, D., Veit, B. and Hake, S. (1994) Expression of maize KNOTTED1 related homeobox genes in the shoot apical meristem predicts patterns of morphogenesis in the vegetative shoot. Development 120: 405–413.

Jasinski, S., Piazza, P., Craft, J., Hay, A., Woolley, L., Rieu, I., Phillips, A., Hedden, P., and Tsiantis, M. (2005) KNOX action in Arabidopsis is mediated by coordinate regulation of cytokinin and gibberellin activities. Curr. Biol. 15: 1560–1565.

Jenik, P. D., and Barton, M. K. (2005) Surge and destroy: The role of auxin in plant embryogenesis. Development 132: 3577–3585.

Kuhlemeier, C., and Reinhardt, D. (2001) Auxin and phyllotaxis. Trends Plant Sci. 6: 187–189.

Laux, T., Würschum, T., and Breuninger, H. (2004) Genetic regulation of embryonic pattern formation. Plant Cell 16: S190–S202.

Leibfried, A., To, J. P. C., Busch, W., Stehling, S., Kehle, A., Demar, M., Kieber, J. J., and Lohmann, J. U. (2005) WUSCHEL controls meristem function by direct regulation of cytokinin-inducible response regulators. Nature 438: 1172–1175.

Lenhard, M., Jürgens, G., and Laux, T. (2002) The WUSCHEL and SHOOTMERISTEMLESS genes fulfil complementary roles in Arabidopsis shoot meristem regulation. Development 129: 3195–3206.

Long, J. A., Moan, E. I., Medford, J. I., and Barton, M. K. (1996) A member of the KNOTTED class of homeodomain proteins encoded by the STM gene of Arabidopsis. Nature 379: 66–69.

Mayer, K. F., Schoof, H., Haecker, A., Lenhard, M., Jürgens, G., and Laux, T. (1998) Role of WUSCHEL in regulating stem cell fate in the Arabidopsis shoot meristem. Cell 95: 805–815.

Michniewicz, M., Zago, M. K., Abas, L., Weijers, D., Schweighofer, A., Meskiene, I., Heisler, M. G., Ohno, C., Zhang, J., Huang, F., et al. (2007) Antagonistic regulation of PIN phosphorylation by PP2A and PINOID directs auxin flux. Cell 130: 1044–1056.

Müller, R., Bleckmann, A. and Simon, R. (2008) The receptor kinase CORYNE of Arabidopsis transmits the stem cell-limiting signal CLAVATA3 independently of CLAVATA1. Plant Cell 20: 934–946.

Nimchuk, Z. L., Tarr, P. T. and Meyerowitz, E. M. (2011) An evolutionarily conserved pseudokinase mediates stem cell production in plants. Plant Cell 23: 851–854.

Poethig, R. S. (1987) Clonal analysis of cell lineage patterns in plant development. Am. J. Bot. 74: 581–594.

Reinhardt, D., Pesce, E. R., Stieger, P., Mandel, T., Baltensperger, K., Bennett, M., Traas, J., Friml, J., and Kuhlemeier, C. (2003) Regulation of phyllotaxis by polar auxin transport. Nature 426: 255–260.

Schoof, H., Lenhard, M., Haecker, A., Mayer, K. F., Jürgens, G., and Laux, T. (2000) The stem cell population of Arabidopsis shoot meristems in maintained by a regulatory loop between the CLAVATA and WUSCHEL genes. Cell 100: 635–644.

Sharma, V. K., Carles, C., and Fletcher, J. C. (2003) Maintenance of stem cell populations in plants. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100: 11823–11829.

Steeves, T. A., and Sussex, I. M. (1989) Patterns in Plant Development. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.

Vernoux, T., Kronenberger, J., Grandjean, O., Laufs, P., and Traas, J. (2000) PIN-FORMED 1 regulates cell fate at the periphery of the shoot apical meristem. Development 127: 5157–5165.

Yanai, O., Shani, E., Dolezal, K., Tarkowski, P., Sablowski, R., Sandberg, G., Samach, A., and Ori, N. (2005) Arabidopsis KNOX proteins activate cytokinin biosynthesis. Curr. Biol. 15: 1566–1571.

The Vascular Cambium

Fiers, M., Golemiec, E., Xu, J., van der Geest, L., Heidstra, R., Stiekema, W., and Liu, C.-M. (2005) The 14-amino acid CLV3, CLE19, and CLE40 peptides trigger consumption of the root meristem in Arabidopsis through a CLAVATA2-dependent pathway. Plant Cell 17: 2542–2553.

Miyashima, S., Sebastian, J., Lee, J.-Y., and Helariutta, Y. (2013) Stem cell function during plant vascular development. EMBO J. 32: 178–193.

Sarkar, A. K., Luijten, M., Miyashima, S., Lenhard, M., Hashimoto, T., Nakajima, K., Scheres, B., Heidstra, R., and Laux, T. (2007) Conserved factors regulate signalling in Arabidopsis thaliana shoot and root stem cell organizers. Nature 446: 811–814.

Schrader, J., Nilsson, J., Mellerowicz, E., Berglund, A., Nilsson, P., Hertzberg, M. and Sandberg, G. (2004) A high-resolution transcript profile across the wood-forming meristem of poplar identifies potential regulators of cambial stem cell identity. Plant Cell 16: 2278–2292.

Spicer, R. and Groover, A. (2010) Evolution of development of vascular cambia and secondary growth. New Phytol. 186: 577–592.

Web Topics

Booker, J., Sieberer, T., Wright, W., Williamson, L., Willett, B., Stirnberg, P., Turnbull, C., Srinivasan, M., Goddard, P., and Leyser, O. (2005) MAX1 encodes a cytochrome P450 family member that acts downstream of MAX3/4 to produce a carotenoid-derived branch-inhibiting hormone. Dev. Cell 8: 443–449.

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Quatrano, R. S., and Shaw, S. L. (1997) Role of the cell wall in the determination of cell polarity and the plane of cell division in Fucus embryos. Trends Plant Sci. 2: 15–21.

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