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Return to Philosophy: Asking Questions--Seeking Answers Student Resources
Chapter 08 Self Quiz
Quiz Content
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The branch of philosophy that tries to answer the question "What, exactly, is knowledge?" is
metaphysics.
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epistemology.
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aesthetics.
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scientology.
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Which kind of knowledge are the following examples instances of?
Lachlan knows that Ottawa is the capital of Canada.
Shanice knows that there is no greatest prime number.
Hyeon knows that John Quincy Adams was the sixth president of the United States.
Skill or ability
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Acquaintance
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Epistemic knowledge
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Knowledge of facts
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Philosophers often describe the form of sentences of propositional knowledge as
S purports that p.
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S purports p.
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S knows that p.
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S knows p.
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Although one may believe that p, and p may be true, one may still not know that p. This situation is universally agreed to arise from
the use of induction (i.e., one can never acquire a sufficiently numerous and varied data set).
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the use of abduction (i.e., one can never be sure one inferred the correct explanation).
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the use of a priori reasoning (i.e., one may not have considered the role of a posteriori reasoning).
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luck (i.e., one may not have been justified in believing p).
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Which of the following is equivalent to "If S knows that p, then S believes that p, p is true, and S's belief is justified"?
If S believes that p, then S knows that p, and p is true.
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If S believes that p, then S knows that p, p is true, and S's belief is justified.
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If S believes that p, and S's belief is justified, then S knows that p.
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If S believes that p, and S's belief is both justified and true, then S knows that p.
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Sometimes we have beliefs (Level-1) that are inferred and justified by other beliefs (Level-2), which are in turn inferred and justified by still other beliefs (Level-N), and so on. __________ was the first philosopher to ask where this sort of inference and justification stops.
Plato
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Aristotle
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Descartes
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John Locke
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Of the three possibilities as to where the chain of inference and justification of one belief by others may stop, Aristotle considered which of the following to be the only legitimate option?
It doesn't stop; the chain of beliefs that justify other beliefs is infinite.
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The chain of justifying beliefs has a circular structure and eventually returns to where it started.
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The chain of justifying beliefs is simply an illusion and all beliefs have the same justification.
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There must be some justified beliefs that are not justified by other beliefs.
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Which possibility, regarding the chain of justification, is referred to as Foundationalism?
The chain of beliefs that justify other beliefs is infinite.
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The chain of justifying beliefs has a circular structure and eventually returns to where it started.
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The chain of justifying beliefs is simply an illusion and all beliefs have the same justification.
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There must be some justified beliefs that are not justified by other beliefs.
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__________ was not a foundationalist.
Plato.
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Aristotle.
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Descartes.
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John Locke.
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Critics of foundationalism claim that talk of "self-justification" is
epistemically vacuous.
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epistemically incoherent.
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another way of saying that we should accept certain beliefs for no reason at all.
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another way of saying that one prefers one's own beliefs over other beliefs.
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While foundationalists think that our justified beliefs are structured like a building, coherentists maintain that our justified beliefs are structured like a(n)
web.
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tree.
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forest.
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animal.
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For coherentists, an individual belief, p, is justified
if S believes that p, and p is true.
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if S believes that p is coherent.
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in virtue of p's membership in a system of basic beliefs.
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in virtue of p's membership in a coherent system of beliefs.
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The "isolation objection" to coherentism claims that its account of epistemic justification is isolated from
other coherent beliefs one might have.
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what is going on in the external world.
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epistemically basic beliefs.
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what happens in the practical scientific disciplines.
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For one version of reliabilism, the epistemic justification of beliefs depends on the
processes that produce the beliefs.
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basic quality of the beliefs.
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internal coherence of the beliefs.
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external coherence of the beliefs.
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Invalid inference strategies may nonetheless be legitimate under which of the following approaches to epistemic justification?
Foundationalism
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Coherentism
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Reliabilism
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Skepticism
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Skepticism claims that the justification a person has for her belief
must guarantee that the belief is true.
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must make it likely that the belief is true.
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is always circular, and thus can never be shown to be legitimate.
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is always inaccessible to her own mind.
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Edmund Gettier used what have come to be called "Gettier cases" to show that one can
know something without justification.
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know something without it being true.
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have a true belief that is not justified.
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have a justified true belief that is not an instance of knowledge.
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