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Return to Philosophy: Asking Questions--Seeking Answers Student Resources
Chapter 07 Self Quiz
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David Hume (1711-1776) challenged us to justify our assumption that
objects exist.
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mathematics is an a priori science.
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empirical science is an a posteriori science.
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what's happened in the past will keep on happening.
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Hume pointed out that there are certain exceptional cases in which predictions can be made without induction. For example, I predict
someone will win, unless nobody wins.
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the sun will rise tomorrow.
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water is wet.
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Sam has ten fingers.
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The Principle of Uniformity of Nature refers to the fact that
all objects behave according to uniform, natural laws.
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most objects behave according to uniform, natural laws.
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objects observed in the future will typically conform to patterns observed in the past.
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objects observed in the future will always conform to patterns observed in the past.
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Hume argued that one cannot show a prediction to be correct, or even to be probably correct, using induction because induction depends on
the principle of uniformity of nature, which itself depends upon induction.
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having data that are sufficiently numerous, which are impossible to acquire.
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having data that are sufficiently varied, which are impossible to acquire.
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None of the above (Only a priori reasoning has any validity.)
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Based on his skepticism regarding inductive reasoning, Hume advised us to
give up on inductive reasoning.
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put all scientific efforts into solving the problem of induction.
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use only a priori modes of reasoning.
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continue using inductive reasoning, while acknowledging that there is no rational justification for it.
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Popper argued that it was crucial for scientists to maintain a "critical attitude" whereby they would
be critical regarding all human knowledge.
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be critical of all scientific theories.
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actively search for refutations of the prevailing theories.
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All of the above
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Peter Strawson (1919-2006) responded to Hume's challenge to justify inductive reasoning by arguing that
induction is not, in fact, used in good scientific research.
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induction is only one aspect of good scientific research.
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all scientific research proceeds from a priori reasoning.
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we have a shared conception of what constitutes a "reasonable" inference and that to say an inference is "reasonable" is just to say it meets those shared standards.
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Even if it is meaningless to ask whether inductive arguments are reasonable, Hume can respond to Strawson by instead asking whether inductive arguments are
reliable.
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justified.
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coherent.
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intelligible.
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Epistemically basic beliefs are beliefs that
act as premises in scientific reasoning
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are warranted without argument.
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stand at the base of all thinking.
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All of the above
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One of the major difficulties regarding epistemically basic beliefs is determining
precisely which beliefs are basic.
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what exactly it means for a belief to be basic.
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which areas of knowledge make use of basic beliefs.
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how basic beliefs are related to nonbasic beliefs.
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Which of the following did G. E. Moore (1873-1958) argue is a basic belief?
The existence of God
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Anything that begins to exist must have a cause that produced it
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Consequentialism
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Induction
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The following is an example of a(n) __________ argument.
Premise 1: The front door is ajar.
Premise 2: Some of your valuables are missing.
Premise 3: Your draws have been opened, and their contents strewn about.
Premise 4: One of your windows has been broken.
Conclusion: You have been burgled.
inductive
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abductive
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deductive
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fallacious
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Epistemically basic beliefs are also called
foundational beliefs.
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self-evident truths.
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axioms.
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All of the above
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