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The Concept of World Order
12.01. Click here to read Francis Fukuyama’s essay “The End of History?”. The essay was first published in The National Interest No. 16 (Summer 1989).
12.02. In his essay “The Clash of Civilizations?”, Samuel P. Huntington challanges Fukuyama’s prediction about the future world order. Huntington argues that the dominating source of international conflict will be cultural divisions. The essay was first published in Foreign Affairs Vol. 73, No. 3 (Summer 1993).
12.03. In their paper, “The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers in the Twenty-first Century – China’s Rise and the Fate of America’s Global Position”, Stephen G. Brooks and William C. Wohlforth examine how the rise of new great powers will shake up the balance of power. The article is provided by The MIT Press Journals.
12.04. Here, John Ikenberry states his opinion on why the liberal world order will continue to flourish. The article is provided by Princeton University.
12.05. For a realist account of why the liberal world order has come to an end, click here to read John J. Mearsheimer’s article “Bound to Fail – The Rise and Fall of the Liberal International Order”. The article is provided by The MIT Press Journals.
12.06. Click here to read the United Nations Millennium Declaration.
12.07. Click here for a broader collection of links that is created to guide companies to initiatives and resources that support the UN 2030 agenda for sustainable energy.
12.08. Click here to read the article “Multilateralism Under Threat" which highlights the fact that fundamental institutions of the liberal world order are being questioned. The article is written by Louis Charbonneau and was published in Humans Rights Watch.
12.09. Click here to access more information about global progress over time. The website contains information about the history of global living conditions and is hosted by Our World in Data.
Political and social changes
12.10. These links provide access to regional public attitude surveys on democracy, governance, economy and society:
12.11. The World Value Survey assess which impact values’ stability or change over time has on the social, political and economic development of countries and societies. Click here to access its findings and datasets.
12.12. This site, provided by University of Rochester, contains a general view of every country’s political leaders from 1875 to 2015.
12.13. The Civil Liberty dataset provides indicators on respect for civil liberties in all independent countries from 1975 to 2019. It is provided by Harvard Database.
12.14. On this website, the Bertelsmann Transformation Index provides data about states’ transformation processes toward democracy and market economy.
12.15. Varieties of Democracy measures numerous indicators of democracy for 202 countries from 1789 to 2019. Click here to access the voluminous dataset.
Fragile states
12.16. Click here to read an article by Daron Acemoglu, Simon Johnson and James A. Robinson. They argue that the European colonial settlement strategy, determined by the feasibility of settlement, affected whether the Europeans created institutions in a country or sat up extractive states. Hence, the difference in institutional creation affects the contemporary quality of the Sub-Saharan African countries’ institutions. The article is provided by MIT Economics.
12.17. In this book, Lars-Erik Cederman, Kristian Skrede Gleditsch and Halvard Buhaug argue that political and economic inequalities generate grievances which can cause domestic violent conflicts. A login is required to access the material that is provided by Cambridge University Press.
12.18. Click here to read the UN agenda for Peace.
12.19. Click here to read the introduction of Ashraf Ghandi and Clare Lockhart’s book “Fixing Failed States: A Framework for Rebuilding a Fractured World”. The text is provided by Google Books.
12.20. Fragile States Index provides analysis and data on the fragility of all countries in the world. You can find economic, political and social indicators.
12.21. Click here to access The Correlates of War Project. Its aim is to provide systematic comprehensive data about war and it contains datasets about intra- and interstate wars, state system memberships, national material capabilities, former and contemporary military alliances, trade and much more.
12.22. The Heidelberg Institute for International Conflict Research (HIIK) produces data on the emergence, dynamics, and settlement of political conflicts at the national, regional and global level.
12.23. On its website, Center for Systemic Peace provide information about armed conflicts, interventions and coup d’etat, state fragility, political instability along with other datasets.
12.24. For data and analysis on internal displacement’s causes and patterns, vulnerabilities as well as policy responses on national and sub-national level, click here to access the main page of Internal Displacing Monitoring Centre (IDMC).
12.25. The Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) provides publications and databases about conflicts, armaments, arms control and disbarment.
12.26. Click here to access Uppsala Conflict Data Program’s database on civil wars and organized state-based, non-state and one-sided violence.
12.27. Global Terrorism Database is one of the world’s largest databases about terror-attacks around the world and it contains data on more than 200.000 national as well as international terrorism cases. Click here to visit it.
International Institutions and multilateral agreements
12.28. For a thorough explication of multilateralism, click here to read John G. Ruggie’s paper “Multilateralism: the anatomy of an institution”. The paper is provided by the MIT Press.
12.29. Click here for a comprehensive collection of links to multilateral organizations, maintained by the Global Energy Network Institute (GENI)
12.30. Click here for a comprehensive collection of International Economic and Financial Organizations. The website also includes links to each organization and is provided by University of California.
12.31. On their website, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) provides research publications and databases concerning the global economic outlook, financial stability and fiscal monitoring.
12.32. The homepage of Trade Facilitation Agreement Facility contains information about the WTO trade agreements as well as data about each country’s implementation of and benefits from these.
12.33. For information about the COVID-19 pandemic, click here. The site is maintained by WHO.
12.34. The World Bank’s databases and research provide insight into a variety of topics such as financial, societal and sectorial areas.
12.35. The council of councils help direct international attention and policy responses towards the global challenges of the twenty-first century. Click here to access their homepage.
12.36. The homepage of the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR) provides great access to information, data, research and further links about mass migration and refugees.
12.37. The Union of International Associations’ (UIA) Database allows you to search the websites of all IGOs.
12.38. This site, maintained by Wikipedia, provides information as well as a compilation of notable INGOs.
12.39. Click here to read about the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) initiative.
12.40. The Paris Agreement concerns states’ attempt to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions and aims to strengthen the global response to the climate changes. Click here to read it.
12.41. Click here to read the Refugee Convention which “…define the term ‘refugee’ and outlines the rights of refugees, as well as the legal obligations of States to protect them”.
New Contenders
12.42. Click here to access a comprehensive collection of information on the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). The website contains information about institutions related to BRI, every project under BRI as well as BRI policies and studies.
12.43. On this website, you can read more about the BRICS.
12.44. The 2019 BRICS summit was the 11th annual and took place in Brazil. Click here to read the summit’s deceleration.
12.45. For a timeline of the US-China trade war, click here to access this article provided by China Briefing.
12.46. In his article, Barry Naughton discusses the long-, medium-, and short-term causes of China’s slowly declining GDP-growth. The article is named “The end of Hypergrowth: Political and Economic Responses to a Slowing China” and is provided by The George Washington University.
12.47. Click here to access the Wikipedia article about China’s environmental issues and its policy response to these issues.
12.48. In his article, provided by The Cato Institute, James A. Dorn comment on China’s future challenges and opportunities in terms of growth, the environment, international relations and internal stability.
12.49. Click here to read Bobo Lo’s article “Global Order in the Shadow of the Coronavirus: China, Russia and the West” in which he discusses the COVID-19 pandemic’s implications for the future of global governance. The article is provided by the Lowy Institute.
New challenges to old democracies
12.50. Here, Wikipedia provides an introduction to populism.
12.51. In chapter 14 of Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser et al.’s “The Oxford Handbook of Populism”, Kirk A. Hawkins, Madeleine Read, and Tuen Pauwels discuss populism and its causes. Click here to read the chapter, provided by Google Books.
12.52. In his article “Conditions and Consequences of Populism and Democratic Backsliding”, Martin Brusis provides a theoretical account of the conditions and consequences of populism as well as an extensive empirical analysis of the latter. The article is provided by the International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (IDEA).
12.53. For another paper on the causes and consequences of Populism, click here to read an article written by Jasper Muis and Tim Immerzael.
12.54. For a discussion on whether social media and mass information is good or bad for democracy, click here to read an essay written by Joshua A. Tucker et al.
12.55. Click here to read a short book written by Ian I. Mitroff and Rune Storesund. The book is entitled “Techlash – The Future of the Socially Responsible Tech Organization” and addresses how technology such as social media and cyber tools might have severe consequences for the perseverance of democracy. The book is provided by OAPEN.
12.56. Click here to read an OECD rapport about globalization’s long term implications on social and political cohesion and how to handle these in the future.
12.57. In this essay, Helen V. Milner provides a literature review and empirical data on the causes of globalization as well as its consequences for party systems, including the entry of nationalistic and populistic parties. The essay is provided by Princeton University.
12.58. Click here to access the Edelman Trust Barometer. It surveys citizens’ trust in the credibility of businesses, governments, media and NGOs.
12.59. Click here to read Andreas Follesdal and Simon Hix’s essay on why there is a democratic deficit in the EU.
12.60. Here, Tanja A. Börsel provides an analysis of why there is an increasing political polarization in the EU and how this affects the EU’s capabilities for solving crisis.
12.61. In their article, published in Politico, David M. Herszenhorn and Sarah Wheaton discusses the EU-countries poor health-care cooperation record during the COVID-19 crisis.
12.62 Click here to read Joe Biden’s Vision.