Chapter 8 Self-Quiz

Justice
. Mill was particularly concerned with protecting individuals against "the tyranny of the majority."

. Rousseau argued that man was essentially evil.

. Distributive justice calls for the fair distribution of penalties to criminals.

. Plato and Aristotle defended slavery.

. Egalitarianism is the view that all people ought to live and work according their station in life, that is, behave according to the code of justice appropriate to their own social class.

. Hobbes argued that there was no justice in the state of nature. It came into existence because of society.

. Rousseau and Hobbes had very similar social contract theories.

. Locke argued that what gave a person the right to a piece of property was the fact that he "has mixed his labor with it."

. Carol Gilligan posed two challenges to the ethics of justice. She asserted that ethical systems had historically ignored other dimensions of moral experience, such as compassion and sympathy. They also typically presumed gender neutrality.

. The oldest sense of the word justice is what philosophers called sovereign, or simply, "getting even."

. Nozick argued that any attempt to set "patterns" of distribution of wealth must necessarily __________.

. The social contract is __________.

. __________ dismisses the view that people are fundamentally rational, and his sense of human nature emphasizes the passions, particularly the passion for self-preservation.

. Hobbes begins his argument with the perhaps surprising observation that people are basically __________.

. Hobbes argued that people were motivated to become part of society for their mutual __________.

. According to Hobbes, life in the state of nature was __________.

. Hume replies that there is a need to distinguish between the utility of a __________ and the utility of an overall system.

. Hume wrote, "A single act of justice is frequently contrary to __________; and were it to stand alone, without being followed by other acts, may, in itself, be very prejudicial to society.

. "From this fundamental law of nature, by which men are commanded to endeavor peace, is derived this second law: that a man be willing, when others are too, as far-forth, as for peace, and defence of himself he shall think it necessary, to lay down this right to all things; and be contented with so much liberty against other men, as he would allow other men against himself."
The first fundamental law to which Hobbes referred in this passage can be paraphrased as __________.

. The first law of nature allowed Hobbes to derive the second. The second law can be paraphrased as __________.

. For Rousseau, the first model of political society was based on the most ancient of all societies, which is __________.

. Which of the following thought that the power of the people, that is, the general will, was the ultimate voice of authority and liberty?

. "The conception of justice which I want to develop may be stated in the form of two principles as follows: first, each person participating in a practice, or affected by it, has an equal right to the most extensive liberty compatible with a like liberty for all; and second, inequalities are arbitrary unless it is reasonable to expect that they will work out for everyone's advantage, and provided the positions and offices to which they attach, or from which they may be gained, are open to all. These principles express justice as a complex of three ideas: liberty, equality, and reward for services contributing to the common good."
Which of the following is the author of this passage?

. Which of the following thought that you can judge which society has the fairest government by looking at the well-being of the worst-off members of those societies? The higher the standard of living, education, job opportunities, and so forth, of the lowest class, the better the overall society.

. Which of the following argued that the right to private property was so basic that it preceded any social conventions or laws and existed quite independent of any government or state, that is, who penned the original entitlement theory?

. According to Nozick, how much room do individual rights leave for the state?

. One of the most basic rights, according to Locke, is the right to own private property, and the most basic private property one can own is __________.

. The theory of social justice advanced by Rousseau and Hobbes, among others, is called __________.

. The major reason for the worldwide lack of food is a problem with __________.

. Concerning the problem of inequality toward blacks in the United States, why did Malcolm X want to change labels from "civil rights" to "human rights"?

. According to Hobbes, before people enter into the social contract, we are in what he called the "__________."

. According to Plato and Aristotle, different people have different roles, and to treat unequals ___________ is as unjust as it is to treat equals ___________.

. The theory of what is called ___________, the fair distribution of wealth and goods among the members of society, is a current international as well as national concern that owes much to Aristotle's original formulations.

. Rawls admits that a society in which everyone had exactly equal shares of social goods is __________.

. __________ is the view that all men and women are equal just by virtue of their being human.

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