Chapter 7 Self-Quiz

Ethics
. Hume argued that there was no distinction between reason and sentiment.

. Aristotle's conception of happiness (eudaimonia) is a possible state for anyone to achieve.

. Ayn Rand was a famous advocate of ethical egoism.

. Cultural relativism insists that if two moralities are fundamentally different, it is impossible for them both to be correct.

. Sartre's moral philosophy is a curious mixture of the most radical relativism and the most traditional moralizing..

. Morality can be defined as a set of fundamental rules that guides our actions.

. Two important characteristics of inner judgments are: The agent has reasons to do something, and the agent (as well as everyone else) endorses these reasons.

. Psychological egoism is the thesis that you should act in the best interest of others because it makes for a better society.

. In referencing Ayn Rand, Tara Smith argued that egoism was not about relationships to others because if one were stranded on a deserted island, egoism would be equally imperative.

. A "maxim," according to Kant, was a subjective principle of action, that is, one's intention.

. Like Bentham, __________ insists that the principle of utility cannot be proved as such, for it is the ultimate end in terms of which everything else is justified.

. For Mill, music was an example of __________.

. Who does Mill think that the cultivation of noble character is necessary for?

. Nietzsche's moral philosophy often considers the greek tradition of personal excellence as a source of strength and the modern conception of morality as a facade for weakness. What does Nietzsche famously name this moral contrast.

. What is Nietzsche describing in the metaphor, "A tablet of virtues hangs over every people."

. In Nietzsch's book, a long quasi-biblical epic called, __________he introduces his famous idea of the Übermensch, the superman who is more than human and superior in his virtues.

. Kant makes a famous distinction between two kinds of love: __________love, which is commanded as a duty, and __________ love, in other words, what we would call the emotion of love.

. "There is only one categorical imperative, and it is this: Act only according to that maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law." From this formulation of the categorical imperative, Kant derived another, which states,

. An __________ is what we call a command in our preliminary discussion of morality. It is of the form "do this!" or "don't do this!" Some imperatives tell us to "do this!"

. According to Kant, to test the moral validity of a maxim, one should first _______.

. A deontologist would argue that morality should not be based on feelings but rather __________.

. Utilitarianism is often characterized as a kind of __________.

. A popular objection to Bentham's version of utilitarianism complained that __________.

. "The creed which accepts as the foundation of morals 'utility' or 'the greatest happiness principle' holds that actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness; wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness. By happiness is intended pleasure, and the absence of pain; by unhappiness, pain, and the privation of pleasure."
The author of this passage is __________.

. "The creed which accepts as the foundation of morals 'utility' or 'the greatest happiness principle' holds that actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness; wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness. By happiness is intended pleasure, and the absence of pain; by unhappiness, pain, and the privation of pleasure."
Because of its emphasis on pleasure, the moral theory described in this passage is certainly a form of __________.

. "The creed which accepts as the foundation of morals 'utility' or 'the greatest happiness principle' holds that actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness; wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness. By happiness is intended pleasure, and the absence of pain; by unhappiness, pain, and the privation of pleasure."
The moral theory introduced in this passage insists that the highest good is __________.

. Mill thought that the best proof of the fact that pleasure is a human good is that __________.

. Sartre argued that morality was developed __________.

. Hume argued that morality was ultimately based on __________.

. The categorical imperative depends on __________.

. Utilitarianism is a refined form of __________.

. Hedonism is the moral theory arguing that __________.

. Nietzsche is often viewed as the most extreme of the __________.

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