Chapter 21 Quiz B with Explanations

. How was the legal position of indigenous peoples in Spanish America similar to that of Russian serfs?

They grew only grains for export.

They had no freedom of movement.

They had no legal rights.

They were often resettled to open up new land.

. What Spanish policy led to increased participation in the market economy by native Americans after 1600?

The government redistributed land to native Americans.

The government increased the money supply in the colonies.

The government required all tribute payments be made in cash.

The government encouraged the development of local banking systems.

. Why did Spanish America import all its steel and iron products from Spain during the early modern period?

The Spanish government prevented the export of metal-making technology.

Spanish America had no domestic sources of iron.

Spanish American labor was fully committed to mining only silver.

Spanish American merchants needed to keep a balance of trade.

. What helped to unify the diverse peoples of Spanish America during the early modern era?

Language

Catholicism

Spanish administration

Commercial activity

. Why did the Spanish develop the sistema de castas, or "system of castes," in the eighteenth century?

They sought to better organize the mixed-heritage social system.

They wanted to tax the native American population more efficiently.

They sought to control interracial marriage.

They wanted to import the Indian social system into the Americas.

. In early modern Spanish America, convents served as

hospitals and nursing homes for women.

centers of opposition to patriarchy.

refuges for widows and women facing destitution.

headquarter for the Inquisition.

. What was the name given to Brazil's gold- and diamond-producing region in the eighteenth century?

Potosí

Minas Gerais

Rio de Janeiro

Tejuco

. Why did Rio de Janeiro become the largest city and colonial capital of Brazil by the mid-seventeenth century?

It was at the heart of the sugar-producing region.

It was a major slave-processing center.

It was well located along the "diamond trail."

It was the export point for gold from the interior.

. After the decline in gold production around 1800, the Brazilian economy focused on

export agriculture.

diamond mining.

timber.

animal hides.

. Why were the Spanish unable to adequately defend their Caribbean possessions in the seventeenth century?

They lacked adequate technology.

They focused on developing the Philippines.

They did not have the resources.

They were distracted by a prolonged civil war.

. How did slavery in the Caribbean differ from slavery in Spanish America in Brazil during the eighteenth century?

It never took hold as indentured servants became more important.

It was practiced on an even greater scale and with more harshness.

Plantation owners encouraged slaves to be more productive through incentives.

Government-sponsored trading companies took the lead in using slaves.

. How were people of mixed races treated differently in the Caribbean than in Portuguese Brazil?

There was a general acceptance in society of offspring from European men.

There was often a policy of exile for people of mixed races.

There were many more instances of violence between Europeans and people of mixed races.

There were stricter social divisions between peoples of different colors.

. Development of early modern Dutch, French, and English colonies in the Americas depended on

Spanish and Portuguese investment.

funding from joint-stock companies.

donations from religious organizations.

government funding.

. What issue in the Jamestown colony led to a settler rebellion in 1676?

The colonial government's taxation policy

High unemployment among settlers

The demand for land to grow tobacco

The harsh terms of indentured servitude contracts

. How did English governance in their North American colonies compare with that of the Spanish in Central and South America?

It relied on regional governor-generals.

It was administered solely from the home country.

It relied mostly on military administration.

It was not as centralized or bureaucratic.

. Slave rebellions and mass marronage along the English Atlantic seaboard were limited due to the geography of the region and

the size of the white population.

the aggressiveness of the indigenous peoples.

support from French neighbors.

the ease of emancipation.

. Why did the Dutch government give freedom to the maroon colonies after the 1750s?

Trade with the colonies was much more profitable.

Repeated military expeditions failed to re-enslave the maroons.

Maroon colonies began to pay tribute to the Dutch government.

The maroon's conversion to Christianity led to Dutch tolerance.

. A major source for the history of the maroons in Suriname comes from

plantations owners' diaries.

anthropologists.

oral traditions.

travelers' accounts.

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