Chapter 4 Practice Quiz

. Smith makes the following statements: "Jones should not have covered up the extramarital affair his friend was having by lying to his friend's wife about it. Lying causes unhappiness, and any behavior that causes such harm is wrong." Smith has engaged in moral reasoning.

. Reasoning by analogy can be used to sort relevant information and obligations from those that are not relevant.

. A prima facie duty describes a situation where one has acted instinctively and is unable to offer a justification for why he or she resolved a moral dilemma as he or she did.

. Moral dumbfoundedness involves trusting intuition rather than using cognition.

. Kohlberg's theory of moral development has been criticized on methodological grounds and that it has failed to stand up to empirical scrutiny.

. It is perfectly acceptable to render a moral judgment (e.g., "lying is wrong") by reciting a set of facts about the behavior (e.g., lying involves deception; lying leads to unhappiness).

. Identifying the moral issues in any situation is crucial first step in the moral reasoning process.

. All obligations are relevant when resolving a moral dilemma - none are more important than others.

. Most ethicists and moral philosophers agree that moral learning is not related to moral reasoning.

. One methodological criticism of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development is that the sample of subjects he used and from whom data were collected was biased because it included only males.

. Errors that prevent the reasons offered for why a conclusion should be accepted from actually supporting that conclusion are known as:

. This is the type of reasoning many of us used as children:

. This is using one set of criteria for judging our behavior and another for judging the behavior of others.

. This occurs when we unconsciously take too much for granted when assessing a moral argument or resolving our own moral dilemmas.

. This occurs when we go beyond making the facts manageable in a case on which we are rendering moral judgment and end up distorting them.

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