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Click on each question to check your answer.
Fill in the Blank Questions
1. A ________ task requires a participant to determine if a string of letters is a word or not.
lexical decision (p. 206)
2. The ________ is the cue that elicits a synesthetic experience while the ________ is the experience itself.
inducer; concurrent (p. 210)
3. According to the ________, we have an imaginary space with one vertical dimension and two horizontal dimensions.
spatial framework (p. 228)
4. As we move through the environment, our position in relation to an important location is continuously updated. This is referred to as ________.
path integration (p. 231)
5. Imagining yourself moving while objects in the environment remain still is known as ________.
egocentric perspective transformations (p. 227)
Short Answer Questions
1. What is the dual-coding theory?
The dual-coding theory postulates the existence of verbal and nonverbal systems that are alternative ways of representing events. (p. 203)
2. What are logogens and imagens, and what kind of information do they represent?
Logogens are units that comprise the verbal system. They contain information underlying our use of a word. Imagens are units that make up the non-verbal system. They contain information that generates mental images. (p. 203)
3. Why are concrete words generally easier to recall than abstract words?
Abstract words can be encoded only by verbal systems and thus are not readily available for imagery. Concrete words, on the other hand, can be coded by either verbal or non-verbal systems. Since the non-verbal system can be used to support imagery, these words are more easily re-called. (p. 205)
4. What are mnemonic techniques? Provide an example. On what qualities do mnemonic techniques rely in order make an item more memorable?
A mnemonic technique is a procedure used to aid memory. The method of loci is an example. Mnemonic techniques often rely on mental imagery that is distinctive (even bizarre) as well as humorous. (pp. 206–207)
5. What is the von Restorff effect?
The von Restorff effect describes the phenomenon that bizarre items are memorable when they occur together with common items because bizarre items are more distinctive in relation to common items. (p. 208)
6. What is synesthesia?
Synesthesia is the power of the stimulus appropriate to one sense (e.g., a colour) to arouse an experience appropriate to another sense (e.g., a sound). (p. 210)
7. What is eidetic imagery and how it is different from iconic imagery?
Like iconic imagery, eidetic imagery is the mental representation of a visual image that persists even after the stimulus is removed. Unlike iconic imagery, which is extremely brief, eidetic imagery can persist for extended periods of up to a minute or more. (p. 214)
8. How are synesthesia and eidetic imagery related?
Both synesthesia and eidetic imagery are examples of cognitive dedifferentiation. Synesthesia entails the dedifferentiation of sense modalities, and eidetic imagery entails the dedifferentiation of imagery and perception. (p. 214)
9. What is the difference between mental rotations and mental scanning?
Mental rotation is the rotation of the mental representation of an object. Mental scanning is mentally traversing a cognitive map that contains spatial relationships among objects, places, and/or landmarks. (pp. 217–222)
10. What evidence is there for the involvement of the hippocampus in cognitive maps?
London cab drivers are known to have uncommonly detailed and complex cognitive maps, particularly of the streets of London. Their posterior hippocampus was found to be especially large. The enlargement of the hippocampus is thought to be the result of storing the immense cognitive map needed to be a taxi driver in London. (p. 230)