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Tests of ________ indicate whether an association between variables is likely to have occurred by chance.
The overall plan of an empirical study.
Specifying the ________ in a relationship enhances theoretical understanding.
Measures the strength and direction of the association between two quantitative variables.
It is hypothesized that women drink less than men. Gender is the ________ variable.
Examples in sociology are individual people, families, schools, nations, and artifacts such as newspapers and books.
May occur when researchers draw conclusions about individuals from group-level data.
A causal criterion often based on theoretical reasoning.
Rejecting the ________ implies that the research hypothesis is supported.
Created when an antecedent variable is a common cause of two variables.
One object of research design is to identify and control as many of these variables as possible.
Examples are ratio of men to women and average SAT score of Harvard students.