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Specifying the ________ in a relationship enhances theoretical understanding.
Examples are ratio of men to women and average SAT score of Harvard students.
One object of research design is to identify and control as many of these variables as possible.
It is hypothesized that women drink less than men. Gender is the ________ variable.
The overall plan of an empirical study.
Rejecting the ________ implies that the research hypothesis is supported.
Measures the strength and direction of the association between two quantitative variables.
Created when an antecedent variable is a common cause of two variables.
A variable that the researcher tries to explain or predict.
A causal criterion often based on theoretical reasoning.
May occur when researchers draw conclusions about individuals from group-level data.
Tests of ________ indicate whether an association between variables is likely to have occurred by chance.