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A causal criterion often based on theoretical reasoning.
Rejecting the ________ implies that the research hypothesis is supported.
Created when an antecedent variable is a common cause of two variables.
The overall plan of an empirical study.
It is hypothesized that women drink less than men. Gender is the ________ variable.
Specifying the ________ in a relationship enhances theoretical understanding.
Tests of ________ indicate whether an association between variables is likely to have occurred by chance.
Examples are ratio of men to women and average SAT score of Harvard students.
A variable that the researcher tries to explain or predict.
May occur when researchers draw conclusions about individuals from group-level data.
Examples in sociology are individual people, families, schools, nations, and artifacts such as newspapers and books.
Measures the strength and direction of the association between two quantitative variables.