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May occur when researchers draw conclusions about individuals from group-level data.
A variable that the researcher tries to explain or predict.
A causal criterion often based on theoretical reasoning.
Examples in sociology are individual people, families, schools, nations, and artifacts such as newspapers and books.
Examples are ratio of men to women and average SAT score of Harvard students.
Measures the strength and direction of the association between two quantitative variables.
The overall plan of an empirical study.
One object of research design is to identify and control as many of these variables as possible.
It is hypothesized that women drink less than men. Gender is the ________ variable.
Created when an antecedent variable is a common cause of two variables.
Specifying the ________ in a relationship enhances theoretical understanding.
Rejecting the ________ implies that the research hypothesis is supported.