.png){kind=icon}
A causal criterion often based on theoretical reasoning.
Tests of ________ indicate whether an association between variables is likely to have occurred by chance.
Measures the strength and direction of the association between two quantitative variables.
May occur when researchers draw conclusions about individuals from group-level data.
A variable that the researcher tries to explain or predict.
Examples are ratio of men to women and average SAT score of Harvard students.
Created when an antecedent variable is a common cause of two variables.
Specifying the ________ in a relationship enhances theoretical understanding.
The overall plan of an empirical study.
Rejecting the ________ implies that the research hypothesis is supported.
One object of research design is to identify and control as many of these variables as possible.
Examples in sociology are individual people, families, schools, nations, and artifacts such as newspapers and books.