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Created when an antecedent variable is a common cause of two variables.
Examples are ratio of men to women and average SAT score of Harvard students.
A variable that the researcher tries to explain or predict.
The overall plan of an empirical study.
Tests of ________ indicate whether an association between variables is likely to have occurred by chance.
A causal criterion often based on theoretical reasoning.
Specifying the ________ in a relationship enhances theoretical understanding.
Examples in sociology are individual people, families, schools, nations, and artifacts such as newspapers and books.
Measures the strength and direction of the association between two quantitative variables.
May occur when researchers draw conclusions about individuals from group-level data.
It is hypothesized that women drink less than men. Gender is the ________ variable.
Rejecting the ________ implies that the research hypothesis is supported.