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May occur when researchers draw conclusions about individuals from group-level data.
Measures the strength and direction of the association between two quantitative variables.
The overall plan of an empirical study.
Tests of ________ indicate whether an association between variables is likely to have occurred by chance.
It is hypothesized that women drink less than men. Gender is the ________ variable.
Examples are ratio of men to women and average SAT score of Harvard students.
Examples in sociology are individual people, families, schools, nations, and artifacts such as newspapers and books.
Created when an antecedent variable is a common cause of two variables.
One object of research design is to identify and control as many of these variables as possible.
Specifying the ________ in a relationship enhances theoretical understanding.
Rejecting the ________ implies that the research hypothesis is supported.
A variable that the researcher tries to explain or predict.