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Examples are ratio of men to women and average SAT score of Harvard students.
Tests of ________ indicate whether an association between variables is likely to have occurred by chance.
One object of research design is to identify and control as many of these variables as possible.
A causal criterion often based on theoretical reasoning.
Specifying the ________ in a relationship enhances theoretical understanding.
A variable that the researcher tries to explain or predict.
May occur when researchers draw conclusions about individuals from group-level data.
It is hypothesized that women drink less than men. Gender is the ________ variable.
The overall plan of an empirical study.
Examples in sociology are individual people, families, schools, nations, and artifacts such as newspapers and books.
Created when an antecedent variable is a common cause of two variables.
Rejecting the ________ implies that the research hypothesis is supported.