Middle East and North Africa
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A belief and adherence to the idea that Jewish people should be allowed to establish and maintain their own state in Israel.

The Christian Church in Egypt, one of the oldest on the world.

A city that is the largest in the country and is the center of economic and political life.

A trade cartel of oil producing states, mostly Middle Eastern that uses its power to influence global oil markets.

Injecting liquids at high pressure into underground rock formations to extract oil and gas.

A tall tower in a mosque initially used to call worshippers to prayer.

A sect of Islam distinct from Shia in that its adherents do not believe that the succession of the Prophet Mohammed should be hereditary and follow family bloodlines.

An organized killing of a particular ethnic group.

Originally refers to manuscript in which the original script was overlain by subsequent scripts but some still remain visible.

The money that temporary and permanent migrants send back to their home country.

A veil typically worn by Muslim women.

The period in Europe from roughly 500 to 1100 associated with limited urban growth, economic development or knowledge production.

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