The period in Europe from roughly 500 to 1100 associated with limited urban growth, economic development or knowledge production.
An empire that developed from the Roman Empire, centered on Constantinople that lasted from 285 until 1483.
The process by which water is transferred from land to the atmosphere by evaporation from soil and other surfaces and by transpiration from plants.
A country in which the city and the state are essentially one and the same.
An area where waters drains from and flows into a river or a number of tributaries.
A series of protests in countries in Middle East and North Africa that began in 2010 and called for the removal of authoritarian regimes.
A trade cartel of oil producing states, mostly Middle Eastern that uses its power to influence global oil markets.
Originally refers to manuscript in which the original script was overlain by subsequent scripts but some still remain visible.
Islamic religious school.
A sect of Islam distinct from Shia in that its adherents do not believe that the succession of the Prophet Mohammed should be hereditary and follow family bloodlines.
An area created by sediments carried by a river.
The war resulting from the attack in 1973 of Israel by Egypt, Iraq and Syria.
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