Middle East and North Africa
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The period in Europe from roughly 500 to 1100 associated with limited urban growth, economic development or knowledge production.

Injecting liquids at high pressure into underground rock formations to extract oil and gas.

An underground layer of rock that bears water.

The Christian Church in Egypt, one of the oldest on the world.

An economic development strategy marked by protectionist policies in order to bolster local growth.

The war resulting from the attack in 1973 of Israel by Egypt, Iraq and Syria.

An area where waters drains from and flows into a river or a number of tributaries.

A more formalized written standard form of Arabic that is commonly used across the Arab-speaking world, in contrast to the multiple forms of spoken Arabic.

A sect of Islam distinct from Shia in that its adherents do not believe that the succession of the Prophet Mohammed should be hereditary and follow family bloodlines.

The recreation of a transnational authority guided by Islamic principles and is a long held belief of many Sunni fundamentalists.

A group of people living outside of their homeland.

A tall tower in a mosque initially used to call worshippers to prayer.

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