Middle East and North Africa
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A country in which the city and the state are essentially one and the same.

The pilgrimage to Mecca required of all devout Muslims at east once in their lives.

An organized killing of a particular ethnic group.

Injecting liquids at high pressure into underground rock formations to extract oil and gas.

A more formalized written standard form of Arabic that is commonly used across the Arab-speaking world, in contrast to the multiple forms of spoken Arabic.

A sect of Islam distinct from Shia in that its adherents do not believe that the succession of the Prophet Mohammed should be hereditary and follow family bloodlines.

A sect of Islam distinct from Sunni whose adherents believe that the succession of the Prophet Mohammed should be hereditary and follow family bloodlines.

A crop that is easy to bring to market and is also considered a primary good, such as wheat.

The period in Europe from roughly 500 to 1100 associated with limited urban growth, economic development or knowledge production.

A political party that rued Iraq from 1968 to 2003.

A nomadic people living in the desert regions of the Middle East and North Africa.

A veil typically worn by Muslim women.

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