Middle East and North Africa
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The name given to big-name, well-known architects who participate in construction to market or brand a city.

An empire that developed from the Roman Empire, centered on Constantinople that lasted from 285 until 1483.

Injecting liquids at high pressure into underground rock formations to extract oil and gas.

The period in Europe from roughly 500 to 1100 associated with limited urban growth, economic development or knowledge production.

A country in which the city and the state are essentially one and the same.

The war resulting from the attack in 1973 of Israel by Egypt, Iraq and Syria.

Originally refers to manuscript in which the original script was overlain by subsequent scripts but some still remain visible.

An attempt by a group or individual to overthrow an existing government in order to implement their own regime.

A more formalized written standard form of Arabic that is commonly used across the Arab-speaking world, in contrast to the multiple forms of spoken Arabic.

The Christian Church in Egypt, one of the oldest on the world.

The pilgrimage to Mecca required of all devout Muslims at east once in their lives.

A high density area found in the city center in the Muslim world.

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