Middle East and North Africa
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An empire that developed from the Roman Empire, centered on Constantinople that lasted from 285 until 1483.

A trade cartel of oil producing states, mostly Middle Eastern that uses its power to influence global oil markets.

The name given to big-name, well-known architects who participate in construction to market or brand a city.

The war resulting from the attack in 1973 of Israel by Egypt, Iraq and Syria.

An area where waters drains from and flows into a river or a number of tributaries.

Originally refers to manuscript in which the original script was overlain by subsequent scripts but some still remain visible.

A communal settlement in Israel.

The period in Europe from roughly 500 to 1100 associated with limited urban growth, economic development or knowledge production.

A sect of Islam distinct from Sunni whose adherents believe that the succession of the Prophet Mohammed should be hereditary and follow family bloodlines.

An attempt by a group or individual to overthrow an existing government in order to implement their own regime.

French expatriates living in Algeria.

A city that is the largest in the country and is the center of economic and political life.

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