Chapter 10 Chapter Summary

  Considerable biodiversity exists outside PAs, particularly in habitats managed for multiple-use resource extraction. Such unprotected habitats are vital for conservation because in almost all countries, PAs account for only a small percentage of the total area. Animals and plants living in PAs often disperse to unprotected land, where they are vulnerable to hunting and harvesting, habitat loss, and other threats from humans.

  Governments are increasingly encouraging the protection of biodiversity as a priority on multiple-use land, including forests, grazing lands, agricultural areas, military reservations, and urban areas. All of these can be managed for conservation, to increase populations of conservation interest.

  Government agencies, private conservation organizations, businesses, and private landowners can cooperate in large-scale ecosystem management projects to achieve conservation objectives and use natural resources sustainably. Bioregional management involves cooperation across large regions to manage large ecosystems, which frequently cross international borders.

  Community conservation projects involve local people in conservation activities in a way that protects biodiversity and provides benefits to the community. These projects might involve working with nearby PAs, maintaining traditional agriculture, and payments for ecosystem services.

  In Africa, many of the characteristic large animals are found predominantly in rangeland outside the parks. Local people and landowners often maintain wildlife on their land for a variety of purposes. Local communities are now generating income by combining wildlife management and ecotourism, sometimes including trophy hunting.