Chapter 14 Self-Quiz

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. Which of the following do Kantians and contractarians believe are members of the moral community?

humans correct incorrect

animals correct incorrect

the non-living environment correct incorrect

all of the above correct incorrect

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. Which of the following do utilitarians believe are members of the moral community?

living things and the non-living environment correct incorrect

only living things correct incorrect

only humans and animals correct incorrect

only humans correct incorrect

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. According to the Biocentrism Argument, something has independent moral importance if and only if it is

sentient. correct incorrect

rational. correct incorrect

autonomous. correct incorrect

alive. correct incorrect

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. Biocentrists believe that being alive is the basis for intrinsic value because if something is alive,

it can feel pleasure and pain. correct incorrect

things can go better or worse for it. correct incorrect

it is rational and autonomous. correct incorrect

humans tend to care about it. correct incorrect

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. Environmentalists commonly argue that the non-living environment is intrinsically valuable because it is

natural. correct incorrect

artificial. correct incorrect

useful to humans. correct incorrect

useful to living things. correct incorrect

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. According to the Last Person Argument, we can test whether the natural environment is intrinsically valuable by thinking about whether it would be

psychologically difficult for the last person on earth to destroy it. correct incorrect

morally wrong for the last person on earth to destroy it. correct incorrect

impossible for the last person on earth to destroy it. correct incorrect

virtuous for the last person on earth to destroy it. correct incorrect

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. Which of the following arguments concludes that we are not morally required to change or refrain from our ordinary consumer practices in order to improve the environmental situation?

the Last Person Argument correct incorrect

the Biocentrism Argument correct incorrect

the No Difference Argument correct incorrect

none of the above correct incorrect

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. According to the text, which of the following is an objection to the No Difference Argument?

The actions of individuals can be morally wrong even if they make no difference. correct incorrect

The actions of individuals add up to make a morally significant difference. correct incorrect

both a and b correct incorrect

neither a nor b correct incorrect

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. According to the text, one difficulty with arguing that there is something valuable in itself about being natural is that

the term "natural" is ambiguous. correct incorrect

ultimately, everything is natural. correct incorrect

artificial things can be valuable in themselves. correct incorrect

the term "valuable" is ambiguous. correct incorrect

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. Which of the following things do environmentalists not think are intrinsically valuable?

people correct incorrect

animals correct incorrect

bacteria correct incorrect

forests correct incorrect