Chapter 6 Quiz

. Which of the following is true of the Cocktail Party Effect?

We can effectively attend to more than one auditory input.

We selectively remember an auditory input to which we have attended but not unattended inputs.

We can repeat many conversations heard at one time during a cocktail party.

We have difficulty identifying the gender of the speaker of an unattended conversation.

We don't recognize when our name is mentioned in simultaneous conversations in which we are not involved.

. A person who is awake

is always fully aroused.

always has the same reaction times in the continuum of arousal.

is not always attentive.

usually focuses on more than one voice at a time.

is always vigilant.

. The key result of von Helmholtz' work on visual spatial attention was that

visual attention could only be focused on an object located at a fixation point.

visual information presented at a fixation point could always be better reported than information presented at other visual field locations.

the visual system continuously scans the visual scene for important items.

if attention is covertly directed to a non-fixation point, information from that attended location is best reported.

visual information is equally-well processed from all points in the visual field.

. More recent models of levels in which attention asserts its influence suggest

an early selection gating mechanism that is either opened or closed.

a late selection gating mechanism that is either opened or closed.

only a late selection gating mechanism that is modulated.

only an early selection gating mechanism that is modulated.

both early and late selection gating mechanisms that are modulated.

. The ability to consciously direct attention to a particular aspect of the environment is

endogenous attention.

executive attention.

exogenous attention.

arousal.

reflexive attention.

. The influence of attention on the processing of visual targets in a cued location is demonstrated by

a benefit to invalidly cued locations.

a cost to validly cued locations.

faster responses to cues in invalidly cued locations.

faster responses to cues in validly cued locations.

slower responses to cues in validly cued locations.

. Inhibition of return is

seen with endogenous cuing.

demonstrated at intervals of less than 300 ms for endogenous cuing.

when subjects take longer to respond to valid cues.

when slow responses become faster with invalid cues.

demonstrated with conscious attention to stimuli.

. After the onset of tone, brainstem evoked responses

occur after 10 ms.

are found concurrently with auditory cortex responses.

continue for hundreds of milliseconds.

are the earliest latency waves recorded.

include the auditory N1 response.

. The auditory P300 wave provides evidence for

late selection gating of targets during attention.

early gating of attended auditory stimuli.

the fastest gating in the auditory cortex.

gating in the brainstem.

a lack of late gating.

. High-resolution fMRI scans have shown that attention

modulates activity in the primary auditory cortex.

modulates activity in the lateral auditory belt areas.

does not affect activity in the lateral auditory belt areas.

drives the P20–50 electrophysiological effect.

All of the above

. Which of the following demonstrates that a template of a standard repeated stimulus is established and stored in the brain?

N1 wave

P20-50 effect

Mismatch negativity wave

P300 wave

Brainstem evoked responses

. Which of the following in not thought to contribute to the visual P1 wave?

V1 (primary visual cortex)

V2

V3

V4

Parietal cortex

. The visual P1 attention effect is similar to auditory system attention effects in that

there is a change in the location of the response to attended stimuli.

there is a gain enhancement in the early activity elicited by attended stimuli.

there is a change in the waveform in response of attended stimuli.

there is no change in response to attended stimuli.

the primary sensory cortex is responsible for the entire response.

. Attentional blink

means that subjects blink when they show shifted attention to stimuli.

means that there is a brief deficit in ability when trying to detect a second target 150-450 ms after detecting an initial target.

shows that attention can affect stimulus processing at relatively early stages.

shows that attention can affect stimulus processing at anatomically low levels of sensory processing.

is a brief deficit in ability to detect a second target at any time after an initial target.

. In V4 neurons of monkeys, increased neuronal activity occurs in response to

any stimulus within that neuron's receptive field.

relevant stimuli that were not attended.

irrelevant stimuli that are attended.

relevant stimuli that are attended within the neuron's receptive field.

relevant stimuli that are attended outside of the neuron's receptive field.

. Which of the following is not considered to be evidence for attentional reentrant activity in visual cortex?

Visual cortex was always activated in the sequence V1, V2/V3, and V4

The N2 effect seen at 250 ms

fMRI recordings of activity in V1

Microelectrode recordings of monkey V1 neurons showing late electrical responses

All of the above

. In V4 neurons, spatial attention can

decrease response amplitudes.

increase contrast sensitivity.

increase desynchronized activity.

decrease contrast sensitivity.

cause certain populations to stop firing.

. Which of the following is similar for the effect of attention on nonspatial auditory and visual stimuli?

The effect is confined to the right hemisphere.

They only occur as early responses, typically within 50 ms.

They enhance the N1 wave but not the P20-50 wave.

It produces a sustained negative wave.

All of the above

. The feature similarity gain model suggests that

neural representations of stimuli in parts of the visual field with no relevance to the task, but with similar features to targets in an attended location, can not be modulated.

visual search tasks will only be enhanced when using shape.

attentional modulation of the amplitude of a sensory neuron's response depends on the similarity of the features of the currently relevant target and the feature preferences of that neuron.

attentional modulation affects the shape of neuronal tuning curves without affecting amplitude.

any similar stimuli in a neuron's visual field will be processed exactly the same, regardless of attention.

. Task-irrelevant stimuli are enhanced when they occur in a location being attended for stimuli of a different modality. This result suggests that

the cognitive processes involve supramodal attention.

modality-specific processes are responsible.

the location of stimuli does not matter.

stimuli in the same location are not likely to be important to each other.

multisensory integration is not important.

Chapter 6 Quiz

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