Chapter 5 Quiz

. Which of the following is true of apraxias?

Ideomotor apraxia is the inability to carry out sequential tasks involving the use of tools or objects in the proper order.

Verbal apraxia is the inability to understand language.

Ideomotor apraxia can be the inability to follow commands or imitate with someone is doing.

Ideational apraxia can result from strokes.

Verbal apraxia only occurs in children.

. Motor programs are

dependent on incoming sensory information.

not ballistic.

are organized at the level of muscles.

are independent of the muscle groups used to carry them out.

sets of commands to end a sequence of movements.

. Lower motor neurons

plan movement.

initiate movement.

innervate skeletal muscles.

direct voluntary movement.

modulate the activity of upper motor neurons.

. Rhythmic movements, such as locomotion,

involve spinal cord circuits called central pattern generators.

need input from the brain.

can occur in the absence of lower motor neurons.

cannot be adjusted in cats with transected spinal cords.

All of the above

. The primary motor cortex

sends information to the premotor cortex which then sends information to the spinal cord.

is located in the postcentral gyrus.

controls muscles in the body but not the face.

has axons that cross in the decussation of the medullary pyramids.

needs high intensity currents to evoke movement with electrical stimulation.

. Motor control of the face

can be inhibited by inflammation of the trigeminal nerve.

is only mediated by the primary motor cortex.

can be achieved with damage to pyramidal pathway.

has an emotional component originating in the primary motor cortex.

is involuntarily mediated by the primary motor cortex.

. The primary motor cortex

is organized so that motor neurons controlling the hand are located medially to those controlling the face.

has an equal representation of all body regions.

mediates the activity of individual muscles but not coordinated movements.

differs from the frontal eye fields by not controlling the force of movement.

only specifies what to do but not how to do it.

. The superior colliculus

is not organized topologically like the primary motor cortex.

controls eye movements by averaging across a population of neurons.

can be stimulated electrically to produce saccades in only one direction.

achieves precise movements by averaging together the activation of small populations of specifically tuned neurons.

is important for planning voluntary skeletal movements.

. Activity in premotor cortical areas suggests that

the primary motor cortex sends information to these areas before movement occurs.

this activity typically ends when movement cues are removed.

this activity persists when monkeys are cued to stop planning a movement.

the superior colliculus is needed to instruct premotor cortical areas.

these areas play a role in intention.

. Anosognosia

means a loss of awareness.

can result in patients denying their inability to move.

provides evidence that the premotor cortex is the source of motor planning.

occurs when premotor areas are damaged along with the primary motor cortex.

All of the above

. Which supports the idea that neurons in a number of premotor areas specify movements in a graded manner as sensory evidence is accumulated?

Only the frontal eye fields are found to be modulated by the strength of the motion stimulus favoring a particular eye movement response.

Monkeys cannot judge the net direction of motion of a field of dots when less than 5% of the dots move coherently but can when 50% of the dots are moving coherently.

Neurons in only one premotor area where planning-related activity occurs respond to sensory cues used to guide movements.

Stimulation of the frontal eye fields results in the endpoints of the movements systematically unbiased by the pattern of motion the monkeys saw.

When monkeys view motion longer, as well as when the fraction of coherently moving dots is gradually increased, bias of endpoint movements is not affected.

. The reward value for movement affects the activity of neurons in the

primary motor cortex.

spinal cord.

dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.

primary and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.

posterior parietal cortex and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.

. The supplemental motor area (SMA)

can mediate well-learned movements in the absence of sensory cues.

needs explicit sensory cues to generate movements.

is not needed to perform well-learned movements in monkeys.

is located in the parietal cortex.

is most active after a sequence of movements has been performed.

. Which of the following provides evidence that the parietal cortex is crucial for sensory-motor coordination?

Optic ataxia

Parietal cortex damage affects saccades but not reaching for objects.

Pharmacological disruption of the parietal cortex in monkeys does not affect their ability to pick up objects.

Sensory information does not have to reach the parietal cortex in order to place an envelope in a mailbox.

Visual information to the temporal lobe is important for object recognition.

. Which of the following is not one of the principal nuclei of the basal ganglia?

Globus pallidus

Substantia nigra

Putamen

Caudate nucleus

Striatum

. The output of the basal ganglia that affects the cortex

comes from the striatum.

excites the thalamus.

involves the direct inhibition of the globus pallidus by the substantia nigra.

occurs via excitation of the globus pallidus by the striatum.

has the net effect of exciting the cortex.

. Interval timing is

required for catching a ball and playing a musical instrument.

regulated by the cerebellum.

regulated by the basal ganglia.

is affected by dopaminergic drugs.

All of the above

. Huntington's Disease

is characterized by the selective death of neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta that use the neurotransmitter dopamine.

ensues from unilateral damage to the subthalamic nucleus.

involves hereditary atrophy of the caudate nucleus.

affects movement without affecting cognitive thought processes.

results in a slow shuffling gait.

. Which is true of cortical inputs to the basal ganglia?

They can affect the limbic system via the orbital and ventral prefrontal cortices.

They only involve dopaminergic neurons in the sensory-motor networks.

They only involve the striatum in association networks.

They serve as a source of behavioral stability.

They are not needed to learn to avoid punishments.

. The deep nuclei of the cerebellum

send axons out the middle and superior cerebellar peduncles.

include the nodulus and flocculus.

receive input from the cerebellar cortex to produce smooth movements.

are not important for motor learning.

receive input directly from the pons.

. Error signals to the cerebellum

enter via the thalamus.

are hypothesized to be generated directly by prefrontal cortical output.

are not considered important for motor learning.

may be used to compare predicted and actual cognitive outcomes.

are probably only important for correcting motor behavior.

Chapter 5 Quiz

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