Chapter 2 Quiz

. Which of the following would be included in the brain perturbation approach to cognitive neuroscience?

Stroke

Brain trauma

Disease

Injected drugs

All of the above

. Which of the following is true about electrical brain stimulation in humans?

This can be done in awake, responsive patients because there are no pain receptors in the brain.

Neurosurgeons can map brain function near the site of surgery.

Penfield used this technique to elucidate the representation of the body in sensory and motor cortices.

Stimulating the temporal lobe can result in the recall of vivid memories.

All of the above

. The representational map of the human body is called

a homunculus.

somatosensation.

motor control.

neuromonitoring.

diaschisis.

. Which of the following describes the major limitation of clinical-pathological correlations in humans?

Functional brain regions are usually distributed over large areas.

Brain regions supporting cognitive function are distributed consistently across patients.

Brain damage is not under the control of the experimenter.

Brain lesions made in animal models rarely complements information gained from injury in humans.

Damage from strokes is usually limited to single function brain regions.

. By combining information about the location of damage across a group of patients, cognitive neuroscientists

can lose track of the underlying functionality of a brain region.

risk misinterpretation of the location of cognitive function.

can assess the variability of human capabilities.

can localize the brain region underlying a cognitive deficit.

are being unethical.

. Diaschisis is

a type of electrical stimulation.

loss of function in an uninjured portion of the brain connected to a damaged area.

a type of physical brain lesion.

a chemical perturbation of the brain.

a type of stroke.

. Which of the following is true of cocaine use?

Cocaine specifically affects the acetylcholine receptor.

Cocaine blocks the dopamine system.

Cocaine is addictive because it can give users an altered sense of reward.

Users need less and less cocaine to achieve pharmacological effects.

Cocaine abusers cannot help cognitive neuroscientists because they are unreliable.

. An agonist is a chemical that

blocks the function of receptors.

activates receptors in a similar manner as the usual neurotransmitter for those receptors.

binds to acetylcholine receptors exclusively.

doesn't bind to receptors but can only affect them indirectly.

is only given to stop smoking.

. Which of the following is true of computerized tomography (CT)?

MRI is used instead of CT in patients with implanted metal devices.

CT is slower and more expensive than MRI.

A CT scan gathers X-ray intensity information from multiple angles.

A CT scan gives a two-dimensional image of the head.

A CT scan uses magnetic information to generate a tomogram.

. Which of the following is true of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)?

MRIs give the same spatial resolution as CT scans.

Protons in hydrogen atoms in tissue absorb and then release energy during the MRI procedure.

A variation of MRI techniques, called diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), allows visualization of brain vasculature.

Most clinical MR scanners have field strengths of 3 tesla.

MRIs only show grey matter.

. Which of the following can be examined with diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)?

Brain vasculature

White matter pathology as seen in multiple sclerosis

Single synapses

Dendritic spines

Genes within neurons

. Which of the following is a drawback to transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)?

The technique is invasive.

Stimulation is limited to deeper regions of the brain.

TMS affects a relatively large area of the brain.

TMS gives fine spatial resolution.

The electrical current that is administered can cause painful responses.

. Optogenetics works by

shining light onto the skull of transgenic mice.

incorporating ion channels that open or close in response to light of a certain wavelength into the neurons of interest.

injecting light-sensitive algae into mouse brains.

activating or inactivating neurotransmitter release.

incorporating light-producing proteins into mouse brains.

. Direct electrophysiological recording

is usually performed on anesthetized and awake humans without any illnesses.

is useful for understanding the electrical activity from the surface of the brain.

yields messy data because it records a lot of background firing that can not be eliminated during analysis.

can be used in awake, behaving animals.

can only be used on single neurons.

. Electroencephalography (EEG) and event-related potentials (ERPs) are

due to the summation of action potentials from deep neurons.

dependent on the parallel orientation of dendrites close to the surface.

reflects the output firing of the cell to other regions.

recorded from the brain's surface.

the summation of dendritic field potentials of groups of neurons that vary together.

. Event-related potentials (ERPs)

relate scalp electrical activity to cognitive events.

are not as useful as EEGs.

have low temporal resolution.

have larger signals than EEG signals.

are named for how long they last.

. Magnetoencephalography (MEG)

measures the same electrical signals generated by EEGs.

is sensitive mainly to neuronal activity in gyri.

is based on the depolarization of dendritic trees of cortical neurons.

does not localize signals as well as EEGs do.

stimulates the brain using a magnetic field.

. Positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) are similar in that they both

reveal patterns of activity in the whole intact brain with good temporal resolution.

are based on a decrease in blood flow when brain areas are active.

detect decreases in oxygen consumption.

detect and map local changes in cerebral metabolism and blood flow.

use radioactivity.

. The blood oxygenation level–dependent (BOLD) signal

is the basis for positron emission tomography (PET).

occurs when the vascular system supplies blood containing oxyhemoglobin to active regions of the brain.

increases with an increase in the local concentration of deoxyhemoglobin.

has nothing to do with hemoglobin.

decreases as the amount of oxygen in blood decreases.

. An advantage of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) over positron emission tomography (PET) is

better temporal resolution.

being able to use an event-related design.

that stimuli can be presented at a faster rate.

that cognitive neuroscientists can link behavioral measures from trial to trial to the corresponding fMRI neural responses in different brain regions.

All of the above

. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) adaptation

is not related to repetition suppression.

can sometimes demonstrate whether subpopulations of neurons within an area are sensitive to a specific stimulus.

assumes two stimuli must share a process supported in some way by that region if they show repetition enhancement for the second stimulus in a pair.

is based on the tendency of areas of the brain to respond more to the repeated occurrence of an identical (or closely similar) stimulus than to the first presentation of the stimulus.

can be observed in repetition suppression experiments that are based on the tendency of the brain to respond differently to different stimulus classes in overall activation magnitude.

. A double dissociation

shows how brain regions have related cognitive functions and neural processes.

is only useful for assessing the effects of brain lesions on cognitive tasks.

provides more definitive evidence for relatively separate mechanisms or functions than does a single dissociation.

is only useful for measuring brain activity during cognitive tasks.

is not used for associating brain mechanisms and cognitive function.

. Neuroimaging genomics

can pick up subtle brain variations that predict later functional deficits before any clinical signs or symptoms appear.

has been used to visualize genes associated with the risk of getting Alzheimer's Disease.

can predict which people will not respond to serotonin.

can test the expression of memory genes.

is useful for measuring cortisol in the brain during emotional responses.

Chapter 2 Quiz

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