Chapter 14 Quiz

. People with pathological gambling

are usually middle-aged.

may have problems in evaluating rewards.

usually have Parkinson's Disease.

start after taking dopamine antagonists.

show decreased activation of the ventral striatum after a near miss while playing a virtual slot machine.

. Which of the following is related to expected-utility theory?

People make decisions in terms of the anticipated gains and losses compared to their current state.

Decision making that attempts to predict what people will choose but not what they should choose.

Probability weighing

Reference dependence

People make rationale decisions with some formal rules for decision making regardless of context.

. Behavioral economics is based on

reference dependence and probability weighting.

how factors like value and probability affect choices made in lab experiments.

rationality.

believing that others will make rationale decisions.

expected utility.

. Which of the following is an example of a secondary reinforcer for people?

Food

Water

Money

Sex

Anything that provides a direct benefit

. Dopamine is produced in the

amygdala.

ventral tegmental area.

nucleus accumbens.

hippocampus.

basal ganglia.

. Which piece of evidence links dopamine to reward processing?

Most drugs of abuse cause dopamine release.

Direct stimulation of dopaminergic neurons causes repetition of behaviors occurring at the time of stimulation.

Destroying dopaminergic neurons causes animals to stop wanting stimuli that were rewarding.

Any breakdown of motivation is accompanied by a decrease in activation in the dopamine system.

All of the above

. Dopamine neurons encode

changes in information.

the value of a reward.

the value of an action.

only the probability of a reward.

only predictable rewards.

. The reward prediction error signal

calculates the subjective value of a reward in terms of transient changes from absolute values of rewards.

is based only on an expected reward.

does not take future rewards into account.

is similar to reference dependence.

is based on no correlations between predictions of successive states of the world.

. Habits

are learned very quickly.

are dependent on dissociating stimuli and rewards.

persist due to repeated reinforcement.

are mediated by the amygdala.

only occur for actions that are beneficial to people.

. Salience-related theory for dopamine system function

is demonstrated by decreased dopamine activity when rewards are unexpectedly absent.

is based on any stimulus providing information important for future behavior.

is supported by data showing that some dopamine neurons in monkeys only exhibit increased activity to fluid rewards but not to the aversive air puffs.

supports the idea that dopaminergic neurons only respond to punishments.

has not been supported.

. Which brain region is not associated with evaluating the risk of a decision?

Anterior parietal cortex

Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

Anterior insula

Dorsomedial prefrontal cortex

Posterior parietal cortex

. Ambiguity in decision making evokes increased activation in the

orbitofrontal cortex.

medial prefrontal cortex.

anterior insula.

posterior parietal cortex.

anterior parietal cortex.

. Temporal discounting

is important for making impulse purchases.

occurs when rewards are discounted very steeply over long time intervals.

is only important for decisions about money.

is important when saving for the future.

All of the above

. Cooperation

results in decreased activation in the nucleus accumbens.

can be tested using the prisoner's dilemma game.

is not a good strategy for the ultimatum game.

causes a change in activation in the caudate nucleus only the first time the trust game is played.

None of the above

. A drift-diffusion model

integrates information by examining the rate of information accumulation, the confidence needed to reach a decision, but not the relative bias toward one option or another.

is supported by patients with damage to the ventromedial prefrontal cortex being sensitive to bodily signals about the risk or safety of upcoming choices.

supports the idea that decisions will have faster response times as a decision maker becomes more cautious.

is supported by studies showing that the posterior parietal cortex, but not the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, in monkeys is important in integration during simple decision making.

can explain how probability and stimulus similarity affect both choices and response time distributions.

. Heuristics

only apply to familiar information.

are considered anchoring for items that are sufficient and suffice.

allow people to simplify a complex decision.

show an endowment effect when people require less money when they are selling something they own than they would be willing to spend to buy an identical good.

show a framing effect when people are less risk-seeking when cued to think about what could be lost.

. Which of the following has been shown when decisions are made that are inconsistent with the framing effect?

Increased activation in the amygdala

Decreased activation of the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex

Decreased activation of the amygdala

Activation in dorsomedial prefrontal cortex is observed when people use a decision strategy similar to their usual tendency

The dorsomedial prefrontal cortex contributes to specific heuristics but not changing from one heuristic to another

. Models of decision making should take into account

economics.

neuroscience.

psychology.

cognition.

All of the above

. Neuromarketing

depends on non-biological methods to see how people feel about products.

does not influence how products are developed.

predicts consumer choices for real-world products.

influences how commercials are made as a whole and not how individual images affect viewers.

shows that subjective preferences are not influenced by repeated exposure to a product.

. Real-world decisions usually involve all of the following except

attention.

memory.

fixed outcomes.

emotion.

meaningful outcomes.

Chapter 14 Quiz

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