Chapter 13 Quiz

. Which of the following is true for executive function?

Once rules are created, they are relatively rigid.

Only the prefrontal cortex mediates executive function.

Executive function does not depend on memory.

Rules that mediate behavior are flexible.

Executive function only has rules for initiating and modifying behavior.

. Patients with environmental dependency syndrome

only imitate actions with objects.

have insight into the causes and consequences of their actions.

have an abnormal reliance on immediate environmental stimuli to trigger behavior.

will stop imitating when ask to stop.

initiate most actions on their own.

. Absolute brain size

is a good index of cognitive function across species.

in primates is reflected by a disproportionate increase in the prefrontal cortex than in other mammals.

can account for individual differences in intelligence.

in humans is reflected by a disproportionate increase in the prefrontal cortex than in other great apes.

All of the above

. Which of the following structures does not play an important role in executive function?

Superior temporal gyrus

Prefrontal cortex

Anterior cingulate gyrus

Posterior parietal cortex

Basal ganglia

. The connectivity of the prefrontal cortex includes

substantial bidirectional connectivity with the thalamus.

indirect connectivity with secondary sensory cortices.

direct connectivity to primary sensory cortices.

input from the amgydala but not the hippocampus.

completely separate regions of connectivity for the lateral versus ventromedial prefrontal cortices.

. Damage to the lateral prefrontal cortex

leads to disinhibition syndrome.

causes patients to not exhibit normal cognitive function.

causes patients to perform normally on laboratory tests of response selection and working memory.

does not affect day to day life.

leads to dysexecutive syndrome.

. The damage to Phineas Gage's brain

did not affect his ability to control himself.

was significant in his orbitofrontal cortex.

affected his ability to speak.

prevented him from working.

resulted in his ability to seek out appropriate responses to any situation.

. People with abulia

cannot answer questions in response to commands.

are not easily distracted.

are apathetic about the surrounding environment and about their future.

can continue a motor action for an extended period of time.

sustain attention for long periods of time.

. Creating rules

is only dependent on prefrontal cortex activity.

involves the striatum but not the thalamus.

involves the thalamus but not the striatum.

includes feedback loops from the cortex directly to the thalamus.

is reflected by rule-specific neurons in the lateral prefrontal sulcus.

. Which of the following is not a form of inhibition?

Stopping behaviors that are well trained or previously valid

Preventing irrelevant information from interfering with other processing

Restraining actions that are inappropriate in a given social context

Preventing actions that are appropriate but only used for pleasure

Removing irrelevant information from working memory

. The P300 ERP component

is found in parietal and prefrontal cortices.

occurs in response to oddball targets.

can be elicited in humans and non-human animals.

may be generated, in part, by subcortical structures.

All of the above

. People with which of the following would not have trouble with a task where behavioral responses need to be inhibited?

Damage to the left dorsomedial prefrontal cortex

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Schizophrenia

Damage to the right posterior ventrolateral frontal cortex

Damage to circuits that connect lateral prefrontal cortex with the basal ganglia

. Impaired prefrontal function can be demonstrated in people who

can shift strategies after a rule change in the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test.

continue to use a previously valid rule, despite receiving negative feedback.

do not show perseveration.

do well in reversal learning tasks.

can learn the relationship between stimuli and rewards.

. Which type of frontal lobe damage causes the most problems with tasks that require planning or processing the future consequences of actions (like the Tower of Hanoi and Tower of London puzzles)?

Right anterior

Left posterior

Left anterior

Right posterior

Dorsal posterior

. Which of the following is true for problem-solving and reasoning?

Only humans show the ability to problem-solve.

Deductive reasoning does not require functionally intact frontal lobes

Performance in some reasoning tasks in patients with damage to the left frontal lobe does not improve when social information is present.

Split-brain patients suggest that a right-brain interpreter forms inferences and associations among multiple concepts.

fMRI studies suggest that greater demands are made for generating and testing hypotheses with deduction than for syntactic and linguistic demands with induction.

. The Stroop task

shows greater activation in fMRI studies of the anterior cingulate cortex with congruent tasks compared to incongruent tasks.

generates conflicts by using words presented in the same color but with different meanings.

affects the reading of words in different colors.

shows that it is easier to identify the color of words rather then read them.

provides response conflict by giving information that points to an incorrect response earlier than or simultaneously with information indicating the correct response.

. The dorsomedial prefrontal cortex has

a posterior-to-anterior topographical gradient organized from least to most abstract types of control.

an anterior-to-posterior topographical gradient organized from least to most abstract types of control.

a posterior-to-anterior topographical gradient organized from most to least abstract types of control.

a topographical gradient that is not related to connectivity.

an anterior-posterior topographical gradient that coincides with anterior-posterior connections with the lateral prefrontal cortex.

. Working memory

involves the long-term maintenance and manipulation of information.

is only available for visual information.

is available for auditory information as an episodic buffer.

must inhibit irrelevant information to fit current behavioral goals.

is not dependent on long-term memory according the Cowan model.

. A neural basis for working memory

has not been demonstrated.

has only been demonstrated in tasks involving spatial location.

has only been demonstrated in the prefrontal cortex.

is demonstrated by neurons in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex that show delay-period activity.

Both b and c are true

. Which of the following is not true for activation in lateral prefrontal cortex attributed to the active maintenance of information in working memory?

Activation typically persists for the entire length of the delay period.

Increased activation has been associated with resistance to the effects of distraction from a competing working memory task.

Increased activation has been associated with better working memory performance.

Activation generally decreases as more information must be held in memory.

Activation tends to be greater when the task requires the manipulation of information in working memory.

Chapter 13 Quiz

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