Chapter 10 Quiz

. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

occurs in most people who have a traumatic experience.

is usually cured by a combination of antianxiety and antidepressant medications.

is associated with decreased hippocampal and amygdala volumes.

is usually studied by having sufferers relive their trauma repeatedly.

All of the above

. Categorical theories of emotion include

at least 10 basic emotions.

complex emotions that can be studied in most animals.

basic emotions that are usually positive in valence.

complex emotions that are learned, socially and culturally shaped, and evolutionarily new.

each emotion as a point within a complex space that includes two or more continuous dimensions.

. Component process theories

emphasize processes that are involved in cognitively appraising the emotional meaning of events.

have been tested extensively with neuroscientific methods.

show that related emotions engage different appraisal processes.

show that emotions require inflexible interactions of multiple component processes.

use vector and circumplex modeling.

. Psychophysiology

uses skin conductance response as an index of parasympathetic activity.

can use skin conductance to measure fear and anxiety responses as part of lie detectors.

measures increases the electrical conductance of the skin surface for startle responses.

uses startle responses, like the eyeblink response, that are not influenced by attention.

usually gauges positive emotions using the startle response.

. According to the James-Lange feedback theory,

fear leads to escape responses, like running away.

emotions are felt in the absence of bodily reactions.

the autonomic nervous system coordinates the body's general fight-or-flight response.

the diencephalon directs processed emotional information to the neocortex to express feelings.

bodily responses to fearful stimuli elicit feelings.

. KlÜver-Bucy syndrome includes many behavioral changes except

decreased exploratory behavior.

loss of fear.

hypersexuality.

hyperorality.

altered food preferences.

. Which of the following limbic structures is not thought to be involved in emotional processing?

Amygdala

Hippocampus

Hypothalamus

Cingulate gyrus

Orbitofrontal cortex

. The left cerebral hemisphere is hypothesized to

produce speech prosody.

discriminate vocal and facial affect.

produce emotion in facial expressions.

implement the social-display rules of positive emotions and linking them with communicative functions.

mediate emotion perception tasks.

. Developmental studies of temperament

show that leftward prefrontal asymmetry predicts how much toddlers engage in play behavior with other children.

show that rightward prefrontal asymmetry predicts crying behavior when infants are separated from their mothers and placed in a room with other children for a short period of time.

use alpha-band EEG activity in children.

measure the degree of motoric and emotional reactivity to novel situations.

All of the above

. Fear conditioning

involves an inhibition of startle reflexes.

is dependent on amygdala activation.

causes increased exploratory behavior.

decreases blood pressure.

only produces a response to the conditioned stimulus.

. People with bilateral amygdala damage

have increased fear-potentiated startle.

have increased skin conductance responses.

do not have impaired declarative memory.

do not show impaired conditioned fear responses.

produce normal physiological fear responses.

. Fear extinction

is mediated by inhibitory connections from the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) to the amygdala.

occurs as fast in rats with vmPFC as in controls.

produces reduced fMRI activity in the vmPFC of humans.

increases fear responses to auditory but not visual stimuli.

is dependent on the hippocampus.

. The somatic marker hypothesis

is based on damage to the orbital and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) producing no effect on decision making.

is supported by patients with vmPFC damage tending to stop choosing the high-risk decks and reap a monetary reward in the Iowa Gambling Task.

does not support the James-Lange theory.

suggests that the reactivation of emotional states facilitates logical reasoning.

suggests that negative emotions are always harmful to the body.

. Emotional processing can influence

perception.

attention.

learning.

memory.

All of the above

. The perception of fear

is dependent on awareness.

can be caused by a voluntary attentional bias in phobic patients.

is not dependent on amygdala activation.

depends on stimuli to which subjects are consciously aware.

is unaffected by other cognitive functions.

. According to McGaugh's memory modulation hypothesis, the amygdala enhances consolidation in all of the following except the

hippocampus.

caudate nucleus.

thalamus.

neocortex.

prefrontal cortex.

. Which hormone is released by the anterior pituitary gland in response to stress?

Cortisol

Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)

Vasopressin (AVP)

Epinephrine

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

. Chronic stress

is associated with subordinate status in monkey dominance hierarchies.

increases synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus.

decreases glutamatergic transmission in the amygdala.

causes decreased fear conditioning.

is associated with increased hippocampal volume in depressed people.

. In cognitive reappraisal,

expressive repression works well.

people actively avoid emotional encounters.

benefits occur by reducing physiological arousal associated with the emotional elicitor.

sympathetic arousal is increased.

people expose themselves to stressors repeatedly and hold in their fear responses.

. During cognitive reappraisal, which structures have been shown by neuroimaging to be are targets of prefrontal modulation?

Amygdala and insula

Dorsal and anterior cingulate cortices

Ventral and lateral prefrontal cortices

Ventral and inferior prefrontal cortices

Insula and hippocampus

Chapter 10 Quiz

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