Vertebrate Life 10e Chapter 17 References

All of the sources that the authors consulted in preparing this chapter, as well as many of the sources from previous editions.

Aires R and 5 others. 2016. Oct4 is a key regulator of vertebrate trunk length diversity. Developmental Cell 38:1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.devcel.2016.06.021 

Allf BC, Durst PAP, Pfennig DW. 2016. Behavioral plasticity and the origins of novelty: The evolution of the rattlesnake rattle. The American Naturalist 188:475-483. https://doi.org/10.1086/688017 

Amiel JJ, Lindström, Shine R. 2014, Egg incubation effects generate positive correlations between size, speed and learning ability in young lizards. Animal Cognition 17:337-347. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10071-013-0665-4 

Andrew AL and 7 others. 2015. Rapid changes in gene expression direct rapid shifts in intestinal form and function in the Burmese python after feeding. Physiological Genomics 47:147-157. https://doi.org/10.1152/physiolgenomics.00131.2014 

Aparicio J, Ocampo M. 2010.  Liolaemus grupo  montanus Etheridge, 1995 (Iguania –Liolaemidae). Cuadernos de herpetología 24:133-135.

Aubret F, Tort M, Sarraude T. 2015. Evolution of alternative foraging tactics driven by water temperature and physiological constraints in an amphibious snake. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 115:411-422.  https://doi.org/10.1111/bij.12520 

Auffenberg W. 1981. The Behavioral Ecology of the Komodo Monitor. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, FL. 

Backens S, Van Damme R, Cooper WE Jr. 2017. How phylogeny and foraging ecology drive the level of chemosensory exploration in lizards and snakes. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 30:627-640. https://doi.org/10.1111/jeb.13032 

Ballen CJ, Shine R, Andrews RM, Olsson M. 2016. Multifactorial sex determination in chameleon.  Journal of Herpetology 50:548-551. https://doi.org/10.1670/15-003  

Bateman PW, Fleming PA. 2009. To cut a long tail short: a review of lizard caudal autotomy studies carried out over the last 20 years. Journal of Zoology 277:1-14. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.2008.00484.x 

Bauer AM, Russell AP, Shadwick RE. 1992. Skin Mechanics and Morphology in Sphaerodactylus roosevelti (Reptilia: Gekkonidae). Herpetologica 48:124-133.

Bauer AM, Russell AP. 2010. The evolutionary significance of regional integumentary loss in island geckos: a complement to caudal autotomy. Ethology Ecology & Evolution 4:343-358. https://doi.org/10.1080/08927014.1992.9523127 

Beaupre SJ, Montgomery CE. 2007. The meaning and consequences of foraging mode in snakes. In Reilly SM, McBrayer LD. Miles Db (eds.) Lizard Ecology: The Evolutionary Consequences of Foraging Mode. pp 334-367. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.

Bergevin C. 2011. Comparison of otoacoustic emissions within gecko subfamilies: morphological implications for auditory function in lizards. JARO 12:203-217. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10162-010-0253-0  

Blackburn DG, Starck JM. 2015. Morphological specializations for fetal maintenance in viviparous vertebrates: An introduction and historical retrospective. Journal of Morphology 276:E1-E16.  https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.20410 

Blackburn DG. 2015. Evolution of vertebrate viviparity and specializations for fetal nutrition: A quantitative and qualitative analysis. Journal of Morphology 276:961-990. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.20272 

Bohlen CJ and 9 others. 2011. A heteromeric Texas coral snake toxin targets acid-sensing ion channels to produce pain. Nature 479:410-414. doi:10.1038/nature10607

Bohlen CJ, Julius D. 2012. Receptor-targeting mechanisms of pain-causing toxins: How ow? Toxicon 60:254-264. doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.04.336.

Böhm M and 245 others. 2013. The conservation status of the world’s reptiles. Biological Conservation 157:372-385. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2012.07.015 

Bohme W, Sering M. 1997. Tail squirting in Eurydactylodes - independent evolution of caudal defensive glands in a diplodactyline gecko (Reptilia, Gekkonidae). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 235:225-229.

Brainerd EL, Moritz S, Ritter DA. 2016. XROMM analysis of rib kinematics during lung ventilation in the green iguana, Iguana iguana. Journal of Experimental Biology 219:404-411. http://dx.DOI:10.1242/jeb.127928 

Brandley MC, Huelsenbeck JP, Wiens JJ.2008. Rates and patterns in the evolution of snake-like body form in squamate reptiles: evidence for repeated re-evolution of lost digits and long-term persistence of intermediate body forms6tion 62:2042-2064. DOI:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2008.00430.x 

Brodie ED III, Janzen FJ. 1995. Experimental studies of coral snake mimicry: generalized avoidance of ringed snake patterns by free-ranging avian predators. Functional Ecology 9:186-190. DOI: 10.2307/2390563

Brown TK, Nagy KA. 2007. Lizard energetics and the sit-and-wait vs. wide foraging paradigm. In Reilly SM, McBrayer LD, Miles DB (eds.) pp. 120-140. The Evolutionary Consequences of Foraging Mode. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.

Brown WS, Kéry M, Hines JE. 2007. Survival of timber rattlesnakes (Crotalus horridus) estimated by capture-recapture models in relation to age, sex, color, morph, time, and birthplace. Copeia 2007:656-671.  https://doi.org/10.1643/0045-8511(2007)2007[656:SOTRCH]2.0.CO;2 

Burness GP, Diamond J, Flannery T. 2001. Dinosaurs, dragons, and dwarfs: The evolution of maximal body size. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 98:14518-14523.  https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.251548698 

Bustard HR. 1964.  Defensive behavior shown by Australian geckos, genus Diplodactylus. Herpetologica 20:198-200.

Caldwell MW, Albino A. 2002. Exceptionally preserved skeletons of the Cretaceous snake Dinilysia patagonica Woodward, 1901. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 22:861-866. https://doi.org/10.1671/0272-4634(2002)022[0861:EPSOTC]2.0.CO;2 

Caldwell MW, Nydam RL, Palci A, Apesteguía S. 2015. The oldest known snakes from the Middle Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous provide insights on snake evolution. Nature Communications 6:5996 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6996

Caldwell MW. 2010. “Without a leg to stand on”: on the evolution and development of axial elongation and limblessness in tetrapods. Canadian Journal of Earth Science 40:573-588. https://doi.org/10.1139/e02-081 

Calsbeek R, Alonzo SH, Zamudio KR, Sinervo b. 2002. Sexual selection and alternative mating behaviours generate demographic stochasticity in small populations. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 269:157.164. DOI 10.1098/rspb.2001.1856

Calsbeek R, Sinervo B. 2002. An experimental test of the ideal despotic distribution. Journal of Animal Ecology 71:513-523. DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2656.2002.00619.x

Calsbeek R, Sinervo B. 2002. Uncoupling direct and indirect components of female choice in the wild. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 99:14897-14902. DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2001.1856.

Castoe and 38 others. 2013. The Burmese python genome reveals the molecular basis for extreme adaptation in snakes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 110:20645-20650.  DOI:10.1073/pnas.1314475110

Chacur M and 7 others. 2004. Snake venom components enhance pain upon subcutaneous injection: an initial examination of spinal cord mediators. Pain 111:65-76. doi:10.1016/j.pain.2004.06.001

Chapple DG. 2003. Ecology, life-history, and behavior in the Australian scincid genus Egernia, with comments on the evolution of complex sociality in lizards. Herpetological Monographs 17:145-180. https://doi.org/10.1655/0733-1347(2003)017[0145:ELABIT]2.0.CO;2 

Chen Q, Liu Y, Brauth SE, Fang G, Tang Y. 2017. The thermal background determines how the infrared and visual systems interact in pit vipers. Journal of Experimental Biology 220:3103-3109. DOI: 10.1242/jeb.155382

Chiszar D, Walters A, Smith HM. 2008. Rattlesnake preference for envenomated prey: species specificity. Journal of Herpetology 42:764-767. DOI: 10.2307/1564496

Cipriani V and 13 others. 2017. Correlation between ontogenetic dietary shifts and venom variation in Australian brown snakes (Pseudonaja). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology  C 197:53–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpc.2017.04.007 

Clark RW, Brown WS, Stechert R, Greene HW. 2012. Cryptic sociality in rattlesnakes (Crotalus horridus) detected by kinship analysis. Biology Letters 8:523-525. DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2011.1217 

Clark RW. 2016. The hunting and feeding behavior of wild rattlesnakes. In GW Schuett, RS Reiserer, CF Smith, and MJ Feldner (eds.) The Rattlesnakes of Arizona. pp. 91-118. Eco Publishing, Rodeo, New Mexico. 

Close M, Cundall D. 2014. Snake lower jaw skin: extension and recovery of a hyperextensible keratinized integument. Journal of Experimental Zoology 321A:78-79. https://doi.org/10.1002/jez.1839 

Close M, Perni S, Franzini-Armstrong C, Cundall D. 2014. Highly extensible skeletal muscle in snakes. Journal of Experimental Biology 217:2445-2448http://jeb.biologists.org/content/217/14/2445.short 

Coates M, Ruta M. 2000. Nice snake, shame about the legs. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 15:503-507. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-5347(00)01999-6 

Colafrancesco KC, Gridi-Papi M. 2016. Vocal sound production and acoustic communication in amphibians and reptiles. In  Suthers RA, Fitch WT, Fay RR, Popper AN. (eds). Vertebrate Sound Production and Acoustic Communication, pp. 51-82. Springer Handbook of Auditory Research 53, Springer Science+Business Media, New York. 

Cole CJ, Taylor HL, Baumann DP, Baumann P. 2014. Neaves’ whiptail lizard: the first known tetraploid parthenogenetic tetrapod (Reptilia: Squamata: Teiidae). Brevoria No. 539, 19 pp. https://doi.org/10.3099/MCZ17.1 

Collar  DC.  Schulte JA II, Losos JB. 2011. Evolution of extreme body size disparity in monitor lizards (Varanus). Evolution 65:2664-2680. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01335.x 

Cooper WE Jr, Sherbrooke WC. 2010. Crypsis influences escape decisions in the Round-tailed Horned Lizard (Phrynosoma modestum). Canadian Journal of Zoology 88:1003-1010.  https://doi.org/10.1139/Z10-068

Cooper WE Jr, Sherbrooke WC. 2012. Choosing between a rock and a hard place: Camouflage in the round-tailed horned lizard Phrynosoma modestum. Current Zoology 58:541-548. https://doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/58.4.543 

Cooper WE Jr, Sherbrooke WC. 2013. Risk and cost of immobility in the presence of an immobile predator. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 67:583-592. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-013-1477-x 

Corl A., et al. 2009. Alternative mating strategies and the evolution of sexual size dimorphism in the side-blotched lizard, Uta stansburiana: A population-level comparative analysis. Evolution 64:79-96. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2009.00791.x 

Cornetti and 7 others. 2015. Reproductive isolation between oviparous and viviparous lineages of the Eurasian common lizard Zootoca vivipara in a contact zone. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 114:566–573. https://doi.org/10.1111/bij.12478 

Costello, E. K., et al. 2010. Postprandial remodeling of the gut microbiota in Burmese pythons. The ISME Journal 4:1375-1385. https://www.nature.com/articles/ismej201071 

Cox CL, Secor SM. 2008. Matched regulation of gastrointestinal performance in the Burmese python, Python molurus. Journal of Experimental Biology 211:1131-1140. http://jeb.biologists.org/content/211/7/1131.short 

Cree A. 2014. Tuatara: Biology and Conservation of a Venerable Survivor. Canterbury University Press, Christchurch, NZ.

Cundall D, Shardo J. 1995. Rhinokinetic snout of thamnophine snakes. Journal of Morphology 225:31-50.

Curlis JD, Macklem DC, Davis R, Cox CL. 2016. Sex-specific antipredator response to auditory cues in the black spiny-tailed iguana. Journal of Zoology 299:68-74. https://doi.org/10.1111/jzo.12326

Davis, A. R. 2012. Kin presence drives philopatry and social aggregation in juvenile desert night lizards (Xantusia vigilis). Behavioral Ecology 23:18-24.  https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arr144

Dawson WR, Bartholomew GA, Bennett AF. 1997.  A reappraisal of the aquatic specializations of the Galapágos marine iguana (Amblyrhynchus cristatus). Evolution 31:891-897. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1977.tb01083.x 

de Barros FC, de Carvalho JE, Abe AS, Kohlsdorf T.  2016. Beyond body size: muscle biochemistry and body shape explain ontogenetic variation of anti-predatory behaviour in the lizard Salvator merianae. Journal of Experimental Biology 219:1649-1658. http://jeb.biologists.org/content/219/11/1649 

de Souza KRM, Prudente ALC, Maschio GF. 2014. Reproduction and diet of Imantodes cenchoa (Dipsadidae: Dipsadinae) from the Brazilian Amazon. Zoologia (Curitaba) 31:8-19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-46702014000100002 

del Marmol GM, Mozaffari O, Gállego J. 2016. Pseudocerastes urarachnoides: the ambush specialist. Boletín de la Asociación Herpetológica de España 27:36-42.

Diamond JM. 2001. Paleontology: Australia’s last giants. Nature 411:755-757. https://www.nature.com/articles/35081231                                              

Diochot S and 8 others. 2016. Analgesic effects of mambalgin peptide inhibitors of acid-sensing ion channels in inflammatory and neuropathic pain. Pain 157:552–559. doi: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000397  

Duffield GA, Bull CM. 2002. Stable social aggregations in an Australian lizard, Egernia stokesii. Naturwissenschaften 89:424-427. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00114-002-0346-7 

Echelle AA, Echelle AF, Fitch HS. 1971. A comparative analysis of aggressive display in nine species of Costa Rican Anolis. Herpetologica 27:271-288. 

Enok S and 5 others. 2016. Improved cardiac filling facilitates the postprandial elevation of stroke volume in Python regius. Journal of Experimental Biology 219:3009-30018. http://jeb.biologists.org/content/219/19/3009 

Evans S. 2015. Four legs too many? Science 349:374-375.  DOI: 10.1126/science.aac5672

Fathina B, Rastegar-Pouyani N,  Rastegar-Pouyani E, Todehdehghan F, Armiri F. 2015. Avian deception using an elaborate caudal lure in Pseudocerastes urarachnoides (Serpentes: Viperidae). Amphibia-Reptilia 36:223-231. DOI:10.1163/15685381-00002997 

Fleishman LJ, Ogas B, Steinberg D, Leal M. 2016. Why do Anolis dewlaps glow? An analysis of a translucent visual signal. Functional Ecology 30:345-355. DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12502 

Fry BG and 27 others. 2009. A central role for venom in predation by Varanus komodoensis (Komodo Dragon) and the extinct giant Varanus (Megalania) priscus. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106:8969-8974. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0810883106 

Fry BG and 5 others. 2003. Analysis of Colubroidea snake venoms by liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry: evolutionary and toxinological implications. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 17:2047-2062.  DOI: 10.1002/rcm.1148

Gamble T and 7 others. 2017. The discovery of XY sex chromosomes in a Boa and Python. Current Biology 27:1-7. DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.06.010

Garcia MJ and 5 others. 2012. Assessment strategies and the effects of fighting experience on future contest performance in the green anole (Anolis carolinensis). Ethology 118:821–834. DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0310.2012.02072.x

Gardner C, Jasper L. 2015. A fish-scaled gecko (Geckolepis sp.) escapes predation by a velvet gecko (Blaesodactylus sp.) through skin shedding. Herpetology Notes 8:479-481.

Gardner MG, Pearson SK, Johnston GR, Schwarz MP. 2015. Group living in squamate reptiles: a review of evidence for stable aggregations. Biological Reviews 91:925-936. https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12201 

Gehlbach FR, Baldridge RS. 1987. Live blind snakes (Leptotyphlops dulcis) in eastern screech owl (Otus asio) nests: a novel commensalism. Oecologia 71:560-563. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00379297 

Gerald GW. 2008. Feign versus flight: influences of temperature, body size and locomotor abilities on death feigning in neonate snakes. Animal Behaviour 75:647-654. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2007.07.018

Glaudas X, Alexander GJ. 2017. A lure at both ends: aggressive visual mimicry signals and prey-specific luring behaviour in an ambush-foraging snake. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 71:2. DOI 10.1007/s00265-016-2244-6

Glaw F, Köhler J, Townsend TM, Vences M.  2012. Rivaling the world’s smallest reptiles: Discovery of miniaturized and microendemic new species of leaf chameleons (Brookesia) from Northern Madagascar. PLoS ONE 7(2): e31314. DOI:10.1371/journal .pone.0031314/.

Gramling C. 2016. Update: Controversial ‘four-legged snake’ may be ancient lizard instead. http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2016/11/update-controversial-four-legged-snake-may-be-ancient-lizard-instead 

Greene HW, May PG, Hardly DL Sr., Sciturro JM, Farrell TM. 2002. Parental behavior by vipers. In Schuett GW, Hoggren M, Douglas ME, Greene HW (eds). Biology of the Vipers, pp 179-206. Eagle Mountain Publishing, Eagle Mountain, UT.

Greene HW, McDiarmid RW. 1981. Coral snake mimicry: Does it occur? Science 213:1207-1212. DOI: 10.1126/science.213.4513.1207 

Greene HW. 1997. Snakes: The Evolution of Mystery in Nature. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA.

Guillette LJ Jr. 1982.  The evolution of viviparity and placentation in the high elevation, Mexican lizard Sceloporus aeneus. Herpetologica 38:94-103.

Guillette LJ, Jones RE. 1985. Ovarian, oviductal, and placental morphology of the reproductively bimodal lizard, Sceloporus aeneus. Journal of Morphology 184:85-98. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051840109 

Hagman M, Phillips BL, Shine R. 2008. Tails of enticement: caudal luring by an ambush-foraging snake (Acanthophis praelongus, Elapidae). Functional Ecology 22:1134-1139.  DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2008.01466.x 

Halperin T, Carmel L. Hawlens D. 2017. Movement correlates of lizards’ dorsal pigmentation patterns. Functional Ecology 31:370-376. DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12700

Hasson O, Hibbard R, Ceballos G. 1989. The pursuit deterrent function of tail-wagging in the zebra-tailed lizard (Callisaurus draconoides). Canadian Journal of Zoology 67:1203-1209. https://doi.org/10.1139/z89-174 

Hay JM, Sarre SD. Lambert DM, Allendor FW, Daugherty CH. 2010. Genetic variation in island populations of tuatara (Sphenodon spp.) inferred from microsatellite markers. Conservation Genetics 3:1063-1081.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-006-9170-5 

Hayes WK, Herbert SS, Harrison JR, Wiley KL. 2013. Spitting versus biting: Differential venom Gland contraction regulates venom expenditure in the black-necked spitting cobra, Naja nigricollis nigricollis. Journal of Herpetology 42:453-460. DOI: 10.1670/07-076.1

Hedges SB. 2008. At the lower size limit in snakes: two new species of threadsnakes (Squamata: Leptotyphlopidae: Leptotyphlops) from the Lesser Antilles. Zootaxa 1841:1-30. http://www.mapress.com/j/zt/article/view/5050 

Herrera-Flores JA, Stubbs TL, Benton MJ. 2017. Macroevolutionary patterns in Rhynchocephalia: is the tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus) a living fossil? Paleontology 2017:1-10. https://doi.org/10.1111/pala.12284 

Hibbitts TJ, Whiting MJ, Stuart-Fox DM. 2007. Shouting the odds: vocalization signals status in a lizard. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 61:1168-1176. DOI 10.1007/s00265-006-0330-x https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-006-0330-x 

Hillman PE. 1969.  Habitat specificity in three sympatric species of Ameiva (Reptilia: Teiidae). Ecology 50:476-481. https://doi.org/10.2307/1933903 

Hobson ES. 1965.  Observations on diving in the Galapágos marine iguana, Amblyrhynchus cristatus (Bell). Copeia 1965:249-250.

Hobson WS. 1969. Remarks on aquatic habits of the Galapágos marine iguana, including submergence times, cleaning symbiosis, and the shark threat. Copeia 1969:401-402.

Hocknull Sa and 5 others. 2009. Dragon’s paradise lost: palaeobiogeography, evolution and extinction of the largest-ever terrestrial lizards (Varanidae). PLoS ONE 4(9):e7241. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0007241. 

Hogan BG, Cuthill IC, Scott-Samuel NE. 2016. Dazzle camouflage, target tracking, and the confusion effect. Behavioral Ecology 27:1547-1551. DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arw081

Holding ML, Biardi JE, Gibbs HL. 2016. Coevolution of venom function and venom resistance in a rattlesnake predator and its squirrel prey. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 283: 20152841. DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2015.2841

Hsiang AY and 6 others. 2015. The origin of snakes: revealing the ecology, behavior, and evolutionary history of early snakes using genomics, phenomics, and the fossil record. BMC Evolutionary Biology 15:87. DOI 10.1186/s12862-015-0358-5

Huey RB, Losos JB, Moritz C. 2010. Are lizards toast? Science 328:832-833. DOI: 10.1126/science.1190374

Ito R, Randrianariosa T, Mori A. 2017. How common is heterospecific eavesdropping in lizards? Test using a Madagascan gerrhosaurid.  Current Herpetology 36:46-53. DOI: 10.5358/hsj.36.46

Jayne BC, Voris HK, Ng PKL. 2002. Snake circumvents constraints on prey size. Nature 418:143. DOI: 10.1038/418143a

Jensen B, Larsen CK, Nielsen JM, Simonsen LS, Wang T. 2011. Change of cardiac function, but not form, in postprandial pythons. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A 160:35-42. DOI:10.1016/j.cbpa.2011.04.018

Jones MEH and 5 others. 2013. Integration of molecules and new fossils supports a Triassic origin for Lepidosauria (lizards, snakes, and tuatara). BMC Evolutionary Biology 13:208. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-13-208

Jones MEH, Cree A. 2012. Tuatara. Current Biology 22:R986-R987. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982212013036 

Kaltcheva MM, Lewandoski M. 2016. Evolution: Enhanced footing for snake limb development. Current Biology 26:R1237-R1240. DOI.org/10.1016/j.cub.2016.10.018 

Kearney, M., and B. L. Stuart. 2004. Repeated evolution of limblessness and digging heads in worm lizards revealed by DNA from old bones. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 271:1677-1683. DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2004.2771 

Kikuchi DW, Pfennig DW. 2010. Predator cognition permits imperfect coral snake mimicry. The American Naturalist 176:830-834. DOI: 10.1086/657041

Kimi RM, Doley R. 2010. Structure, function and evolution of three-finger toxins: Mini proteins with multiple targets. Toxicon 56:855-867. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2010.07.010 

King B, Lee MSY. 2015. Ancestral state reconstruction, rate heterogeneity, and the evolution of reptile viviparity. Systematic Biology 64:532-544. DOI:10.1093/sysbio/syv005

Kini RM, Doley R. 2010. Structure, function and evolution of three-finger toxins: Mini proteins with multiple targets. Toxicon 56:855-867. DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2010.07.010 

Klein N, Scheyer TM. 2017. Microanatomy and life history in Palaeopleurosaurus (Rhynchocephalia: Pleurosauridae) from the Early Jurassic of Germany. The Science of Nature 104:4. DOI 10.1007/s00114-016-1427-3.

Kley NJ, Brainerd EL. 1999. Feeding by mandibular raking in a snake. Nature 402:369-370. DOI: 10.1038/46460

Kley NJ. 2001. Prey transport mechanisms in blindsnakes and the evolution of unilateral feeding systems in snakes. American Zoologist 41:1321-1337.  https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/41.6.1321 

Klomp DA, Styart-Fox D, Das I, Ord TJ. 2017 Gliding lizards use the position of the sun to enhance social display. Biology Letters 13:20160979. DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2016.0979 

Kuriyama T, Morimoto G, Miyaji K, Hasegawa M. 2016. Cellular basis of anti-predator adaptation in a lizard with autotomizable blue tail against specific predators with different colour vision. Journal of Zoology 300:89-98. DOI: doi:10.1111/jzo.12361

Kvon EZ and 18 others. 2016. Progressive loss of funcrion in a limb enhancer during snake evolution. Cell 167:633-642. DOI.org/10.1016/j.cell.2016.09.028

Leal F, Cohn MJ. 2016. Loss and re-emergence of legs in snakes by modular evolution of sonic hedgehog and HOXD enhancers. Current Biology 26:2966-2973. DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.09.020 

Lelièvre, H., et al. 2011. Contrasted thermal preferences translate into divergences in habitat use and realized performance in two sympatric snakes. Journal of Zoology 284:265-275. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.2011.00802.x 

Lillywhite HB. 2014. How Snakes Work. Oxford University Press, New York, NY. 

Losos, J. B. 2009. Lizards in an Evolutionary Tree. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA.

Lutes AA, Baumann DP, Neaves WB, Baumann P. 2011. Laboratory synthesis of an independently reproducing vertebrate species. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 108:9910-9915. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1102811108

Lynch Wagner GP. 2010. Did egg-laying boas break Dollo's law? Phylogenetic evidence for reversal to oviparity in sand boas (Eryx: Boidae). Evolution 64:207-216. DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2009.00790.x.

Mackessy SP, Baker LM. 2006. Bioweapons synthesis and storage: The venom gland of front-fanged snakes. Zoologischer Anzeiger 245:247-159. doi:10.1016/j.jcz.2006.01.003

Mackessy SP, Saviola AJ. 2016. Understanding biological roles of venoms among the Caenophidia: the importance of rear-fanged snakes. Integrative and Comparative Biology 56:1004-1021. DOI: 10.1093/icb/icw110

Martill DM, Tischlinger H, Longrich NR. 2015. A four-legged snake from the Early Cretaceous of Gondwana. Science 349:416-419. DOI: 10.1126/science.aaa9208.

McCue MD. 2005. Enzyme activities and biological functions of snake venoms. Applied Herpetology 2:109-123. DOI: 10.1163/1570754043492135

Metallinou M and 7 others. 2016 A single origin of extreme matrotrophy in African mabuyine skinks. Biology Letters 12: 20160430. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2016.0430 

Middendorf GA III , Sherbrooke WC. 1992. Canid elicitation of blood-squirting in a horned lizard (Phrynosoma cornutum) Copeia 1992:519-527. DOI: 10.2307/1446212 

Middendorf GA III , Sherbrooke WC. Braun EJ. 2001. Comparison of blood squirted from the circumorbital sinus and systemic blood in a horned lizard, Phrynosoma cornutum. The Southwestern Naturalist 46:384-387. DOI: 10.2307/3672440 

Mizuno T, Kojima Y. 2015. A blindsnake that decapitates its termite prey. Journal of Zoology 297:220-224. doi:10.1111/jzo.12268

Mori A and 6 others. 2016. Discovery of nucho-dorsal glands in Rhabdophis adleri. Current Herpetology 35:53-58. DOI: 10.5358/hsj.35.53

Mori A and 6 others. 2016. Morphology of the nucho-dorsal glands and related defensive displays in three species of Asian natricine snakes. Journal of Zoology 300:18-26. DOI: doi:10.1111/jzo.12357

Nielsen SV, Oliver PM, Laver RJ, Bauer AM, Noonan BP. 2016. Stripes, jewels and spines: further investigations into the evolution of defensive strategies in a chemically defended gecko radiation (Strophurus, Diplodactylidae). Zoologica Scripta 45:481-493. doi:10.1111/zsc.12181

Ord TJ, Blumstein DT, Evans CS. 2001. Intrasexual selection predicts the evolution of signal complexity in lizards. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 268:737-744.  DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2000.1417

Owerkwicz T, Farmer CG, Hicks JW, Brainerd EL. Contribution of gular pumping to lung ventilation in monitor lizards. Science 284:1661-1663. DOI: 10.1126/science.284.5420.1661

Palci A, Hutchinson MN, Caldwell MW, Lee MSY. 2017. The morphology of the inner ear of squamate reptiles and its bearing on the origin of snakes. Royal Society Open Science 4: 170685. http://dx.DOI.org/10.1098/rsos.170685

Panagides N and 25 others. 2017. How the cobra got its flesh-eating venom: cytotoxicity as a defensive innovation and its co-evolution with hooding, aposematic marking, and spitting. Toxins 9:102. doi:10.3390/toxins9030103.

Patchell FR, Shine R. 1986. Feeding Mechanisms in pygopodid lizards: How can Lialis swallow such large prey? Journal of Herpetology 20:59-64. DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12216

Patchell FR, Shine R. 1986. Hinged teeth for hard-bodied prey: A case of convergent evolution between snakes and legless lizards. Journal of Zoology 208:269–275. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1986.tb01513.x 

Penning DA. 2017.  The scaling of bite force and constriction pressure in kingsnakes (Lampropeltis getula): Proximate determinants and correlated performance. Integrative Zoology 12:121-131. https://doi.org/10.1111/1749-4877.12216 

Perkins S. 2015. Four-legged snake fossil stuns scientists—and ignites controversy. http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2015/07/four-legged-snake-fossil-stuns-scientists-and-ignites-controversy 

Phongkangsananan N, Schwarzkopf L, Pike DA. 2014. Chatty females and quiet males: complex vocal communication in the northern dtella, Gehyra dubia. Herpetological Conservation and Biology 9:285-296.

Pianka ER, and H. D. Pianka HD. 1970. The Ecology of Moloch horridus (Lacertilia: Agamidae) in Western Australia. Copeia 1970:90-10.

Pianka ER, King D, King RA. 2004. Varanoid Lizards of the World. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

Pianka ER, Parker WS. 1975. Ecology of horned lizards: A review with special reference to Phrynosoma platyrhinos. Copeia 1975:141-162.

Pincheira-Donoso D, Núñez H. 2005 Las especies chilenas del género Liolaemus Wiegman, 1834 (Iguania: Tropiduridae: Liolaeminae) taxonomía, sistemática y evolucion. Museo Nacional de Historia Natural Chile, Publicacón Ocasional 59.

Pla D and 6 others. 2017. What killed Karl Patterson Schmidt? Combined venom gland transcriptomic, venomic and antivenomic analysis of the South African green tree snake (the boomslang), Dispholidus typus. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1861:814-823. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.01.020 

Pough FH, Groves JD. 1983. Specializations of the body forms and food habits of snakes. American Zoologist 23:443-454. https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/23.2.443 

Pough FH. 1988. Mimicry of vertebrates: are the rules different? The American Naturalist 131:S67-S102l. https://doi.org/10.1086/284767 

Pryon RA, Burbrink FT, Wiens JJ. 2011. The phylogeny of advanced snakes (Colubroidea), with discovery of a new subfamily and comparison of support methods for likelihood trees. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 58:329-342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2010.11.006 

Radder RS, Pike DA, Quinn AE, Shine R. 2009. Offspring sex in a lizard depends on egg size. Current Biology 19:1102-1105.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2009.05.027 

Regal PJ. 1978. Behavioral differences between reptiles and mammals: an analysis of activity and mental capabilities. In Greenberg N, MacLean PD (eds.) Behavior and neurology of lizards, pp 183-202, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD.

Rogers HS and 5 others. 2017. Effects of an invasive predator cascade to plants via mutualism disruption. Nature Communications 8:14557 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14557

Rosenberg HI, Russell AP, Kapoor M. 1984. Preliminary characterization of the defensive secretion of Diplodactylus (Reptilia: Gekkonidae). Copeia 1984:1025-1028. DOI: 10.2307/1445359

Rosenberg HI, Russell AP. 1980. Structural and functional aspects of tail squirting: a unique defense mechanism of Diplodactylus (Reptilia: Gekkonidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology 58:865-881. DOI: 10.1139/z80-119

Russell AP, Delaugerre M-J. 2017. Left in the dust: differential effectiveness of the two alternative adhesive pad configurations in geckos (Reptilia: Gekkota). Journal of Zoology 301:61-68. https://doi.org/10.1111/jzo.12390 

Salinas M and 6 others. 2014. Binding site and inhibitory mechanism of the mambalgin-2 pain-relieving peptide on acid-sensing ion channel 1a. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 289:13363–13373. http://www.jbc.org/content/289/19/13363.short   

Santoyo-Brito E,Anderson M, Fox S. 2017. Incubation temperature modifies sex ratio of hatchlings in collared lizards, Crotaphytus collaris. Journal of Herpetology 51:197-201. https://doi.org/10.1670/15-167 

Saxena A, Towers M, Cooper KL. 2017 The origins, scaling and loss of tetrapod digits. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 372:20150482. DOI.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0482

Scheffers BR and 9 others. 2017. Extreme thermal heterogeneity in structurally complex tropical rain forests. Biotropica 49:35-44. https://doi.org/10.1111/btp.12355

Scherz MD, Daza JD, Köhler J, Vences M. Glaw F. 2017. Off the scale: a new species of fish scale gecko (Squamata: Gekkonidae: Geckolepis) with exceptionally large scales. PeerJ 5:e2955. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2955 

Schubert C, Christophers E. 1985. “Dermolytische Schreckhäutung” —ein besonderes Autotomieverhalten von Geckolepis typica (Reptilia, Gekkonidae) Zoologischer Anzeiger 214:129-141 

Schubert C, Steffen T, Christophers E. 1990. Weitere Beobachtungen zur “dermolytischen Schreckhäutung” bei Geckolepis typica (Reptilia, Gekkonidae). Zoologischer Anzeiger 224:175-192 

Sears MW and 7 others. 2016. Configuration of the thermal landscape determines thermoregulatory performance of ectotherms. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 113:10595-10600. DOI.org/10.1073/pnas.1604824113

Secor SM, Nagy KA. 1994. Bioenergetic correlates of foraging mode for the snakes Crotalus cerastes and Masticophis flagellum. Ecology 75:1600-1614. https://doi.org/10.2307/1939621 

Secor SM.  2008. Digestive physiology of the Burmese python: broad regulation of integrated performance. Journal of Experimental Biology 211:3767-3774. http://jeb.biologists.org/content/211/24/3767 

Sherbrooke C. 2017. Antipredator nest guarding by female horned lizards (Phrynosoma): iguanian parental care. Herpetologica 73:331-337. https://doi.org/10.1655/Herpetologica-D-17-00028.1 

Sherbrooke WC, Mi. 2012. Negative oral responses of a non-canid mammalian predator (bobcat, Lynx rufus; Felidae) to ocular-sinus blood-squirting of Texas and regal horned lizards, Phrynosoma cornutum and Phrynosoma solare. Herpetological Review 43:386-391.

Sherbrooke WC, Montanucci RR. 1988. Stone mimicry in the round-tailed horned lizard Phrynosoma modestum (Sauria: Iguanidae). Journal of Arid Environments 14:275-284.

Sherbrooke WC. 2002. Do vertebral-line patterns in two horned lizards (Phrynosoma spp.) mimic plant-stem shadows and stem litter? Journal of Arid Environments 50:109-120. https://doi.org/10.1006/jare.2001.0852 

Sherbrooke WC. Mitchell A, Sweet K, Searles L, Braastad D. 2012. Negative Oral Responses of a Non-Canid Mammalian Predator (Bobcat, Lynx rufus; Felidae) to Ocular-sinus Blood-squirting of Texas and Regal Horned Lizards, Phrynosoma cornutum and Phrynosoma solare. Herpetological Review 43:386-391.

Shine R, Harlow PS, Elphick MJ, Olsson MM, Mason RT. 2000. Conflicts between courtship and thermoregulation: The thermal ecology of amorous male garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis, Colubridae). Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 73:508-516. https://doi.org/10.1086/317734

Simöes BF and 10 others. 2015. Visual system evolution and the nature of the ancestral snake. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 28:1309-1320. https://doi.org/10.1111/jeb.12663 

Simões BF and 9 others. 2016. Visual pigments, ocular filters and the evolution of snake vision. Molecular Biology and Evolution 33:2483-2495. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msw148 

Simões TR and 5 others. 2016. Reacquisition of the lower temporal bar in sexually dimorphic fossil lizards provides a rare case of convergent evolution. Scientific Reports 6:24087 DOI: 10.1038/srep24087

Sinervo B and 25 others. 2010. Erosion of lizard diversity by climate change and altered thermal niches. Science 328:894-899. DOI: 10.1126/science.1184695

Sinervo B, Miles DB, Frankino WA, Klukowski M, DeNardo DF. 2000. Testosterone, endurance, and Darwinian fitness: Natural and sexual selection on the physiological basis of alternative male behaviors in side- blotched lizards. Hormones and Behavior 38:222-233. DOI: 10.1006/hbeh.2000.1622

Smith SA, Shine R. 1997. Intraspecific variation in reproductive mode within the scincid lizard Saiphos equalis. Australian Journal of Zoology 45:435-445. DOI: 10.1071/zo97023

Stevenson RD, Peterson CR, Tsuji JS. 1985. The thermal dependence of locomotion, tongue flicking, digestion, and oxygen consumption in the wandering garter snake. Physiological Zoology 58:46-57. DOI: 10.1086/physzool.58.1.30161219

Suchomelová P, JanĨúchová-Lásková J, Landová E, Frynta D. 2015. Experimental assessment of social interactions in two species of the genus Teratoscincus (Gekkota). Behavioural Processes 120:14–24. DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2015.08.005

Surget-Gorba Y and 8 others. 2006. Multiple origins of viviparity, or reversal from viviparity to oviparity? The European common lizard (Zootoca vivipara, Lacertidae) and the evolution of parity. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 87:1-11. DOI 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2006.00552.x

Sweet SS, Pianka ER. 2003. The lizard kings. Natural History 112(9):40-45.

Sweet SS, Pianka ER. 2007. Monitors, mammals, and Wallace’s Line. Mertensiella 16:79-99.

Tchernov E, Rieppel O, Zaher H, Polcyn MJ, Jacobs LL.  2010. A fossil snake with limbs. 287:2010-2012. DOI: 10.1126/science.287.5460.2010

Wall M, Shine R. 2007. Dangerous food: lacking venom and constriction, how do snake-like lizards (Lialis burtonis, Pygopodidae) subdue their lizard prey? Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 91:719-727. DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2007.00835.x

Wapstra et al. 2004. Maternal basking behaviour determines offspring sex in a viviparous reptile. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 271:S230-S232. DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2003.0152 

Warner DA, Shine R. 2011. Interactions among thermal parameters determine offspring sex under temperature-dependent sex determination. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 278:256-265. DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2010.1040

Watkins JF II, Gehlbach FR, Baldridge RS. 1967.  Ability of the Blind Snake, Leptotyphlops dulcis, to Follow Pheromone Trails of Army Ants, Neivamyrmex nigrescens and N. opacithorax. The Southwestern Naturalist 12:455-462.

Welton LJ and 8 others. 2010. A spectacular new Philippine monitor lizard reveals a hidden biogeographic boundary and a novel flagship species for conservation.  Biology Letters 6:654-658. DOI:10.1098/rsbl.2010.0119

Westhoff G, Tzschätzsch K, Bleckmann H. 2005. The spitting behavior of two species of spitting cobras. Journal of Comparative Physiology A 191:873-881. DOI: 10.1007/s00359-005-0010-8

While GM, Chapple DG, Gardner MG, Uller T, Whiting MJ. 2015. Egernia lizards. Current Biology 25:R585-R595. DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2015.02.070 

Wiens JJ, Brandley MC, Reeder TW. 2006. Why does a trait evolve multiple times within a clade? Repeated evolution of snakelike body form in squamate reptiles. Evolution 60:123-141. DOI: 10.1554/05-328.1.

Wikelski M, Trillmich F. 1994. Foraging strategies of the Galaáagos marine iguana (Amblyrhynchus cristatus): adapting behavioral rules to ontogenetic size change. Behaviour 128:255-279.

Williams BK, Brodie ED Jr, Brodie ED III. 2004. A resistant predator and its toxic prey: persistence of newt toxin leads to poisonous (not venomous) snakes. Journal of Chemical Ecology 30:1901-1919. DOI: 10.1023/B:JOEC.0000045585.77875.09

Wilson, J. A., et al. 2010. Predation upon hatchling dinosaurs by a new snake from the Late Cretaceous of India. PLoS Bioogyl 8(3):el000322. DOI:10.1371/journal. pbio.1000322.

Wilson, J. A., et al. 2010. Predation upon hatchling dinosaurs by a new snake from the Late Cretaceous of India. PLoS Biol 8(3):el000322. DOI:10.1371/journal. pbio.1000322.

Wüster W and 11 others. 2004. Do aposematism and Batesian mimicry require bright colours? A test, using European viper markings. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 271:2495-2499. doi:10.1098/rspb.2004.2894 

Young BA, Mathevon N, Tang Y. 2013. Reptile auditory neuroethology: What do reptiles do with their hearing? In C. Köppl C, Manley GA, Popper AN, Fay RR. (eds.). Insights from Comparative Hearing Research, pp. 323-346. Springer Handbook of Auditory Research 49. Springer Science+Business Media New York. 

Zamudio KR, Sinervo B. 2000. Polygyny, mate-guarding, and posthumous fertilization as alternative male mating strategies. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 97:14427-14432. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.011544998.

Back to top