Chapter 14 Self-check questions

. The most common model system used in cancer drug discovery is in vivo mouse models. Which of the following describes a xenograft approach?

Creating mice with defective DNA repair

Injecting human cancer cells under the skin of immunodeficient mice.

Injecting mouse tumor cells into mice.

Experimental systems whereby reactions of the immune system can be monitored.

. Which one of the following gives a correct chronological sequence of stages in drug development?

Screen for inhibitors of molecular targets, optimization and formulation, pre-clinical studies, clinical trials.

Optimization and formulation, screen for inhibitors of molecular targets, pre-clinical studies, clinical trials.

Screen for inhibitors of molecular targets, pre-clinical studies, clinical trials, optimization and formulation.

Pre-clinical studies, screen for inhibitors of molecular targets, optimization and formulation, clinical trials.

. Genetic variation in an individual's inherited genome can affect drug response. Which one of the following choices is a known example of this?

Her-2 overexpression leads to tumor regression by Herceptin

Thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT) deficiency leads to chemotherapy toxicity.

KRAS mutations prevents a response to Erbitux.

Thymidylate synthase deficiency and increased response to Methotrexate.

. Which of the following imaging techniques are incorrectly matched with its mechanism?

Computed tomography (CT) and X-rays

Computed tomography (CT) and a radiofrequency pulse applied in a magnetic field

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and a radiofrequency pulse applied in a magnetic field

Positron emission tomography (PET) and a glucose analog radiotracer

. What are the two main components of the technique called CRISPR- Cas-9 and what do they do?

A DNA endonuclease that can cleave DNA and a single guide RNA that both locates a target genomic sequence and also binds to Cas9.

Small interfering RNA and Dicer. Interfering RNA binds to a target molecules in the cell and Dicer cleaves it to reduce gene expression.

A DNA chip and labelled complementary DNA. When complementary DNA binds to their matching sequence on the chip, genome editing occurs.

A knockout vector and stem cells. Transfected stem cells can be implanted into a mouse embryo to generate transgenic mice.

. In addition to Phase I, II, and III clinical trials, Phase 0 trials have been approved. Which one of the following statements about Phase 0 trials is true?

They test reactions to placebo trials over several years.

They refer to trials in primates.

They test for maximal tolerated dose.

They test small doses of drug in people for 7 days or less.

. Which of the following are important for the use of artificial intelligence and machine learning in mammogram interpretation?

Large data sets are used for algorithm training

Only one ethnic group at a time is included for algorithm training

Monitoring is not essential as the system learns.

Retraining of the system is never needed once a large data set is used for algorithm training.

. Which of the following states the novelty of the design of The BATTLE trial for lung cancer therapy and its conclusion?

Novelty: Both clinical and molecular endpoints were used. Conclusion: targeted drugs are superior to chemotherapy for patients with specific activating mutations in targeted molecules.

Novelty: Mandatory fresh tumor biopsies informed future treatment later in the trial. Conclusion: targeted drugs are superior to chemotherapy for patients with specific activating mutations in targeted molecules.

Novelty: Mandatory fresh tumor biopsies informed future treatment later in the trial. Conclusion: Simultaneous drug combinations are superior to any single drug administration.

Novelty: All classical clinical endpoints: survival, improved time to progression, and improvement in symptoms were used in the BATTLE trial. Conclusion: tumor shrinkage does not always correlate with survival.

. With regards to a case study of using CRISPR to engineer T-cells, which of the following is NOT correct?

Editing T cells with CRISPR ex vivo and re-introducing those cells into patients have been tested in Phase I clinical trials.

CRISPR has been used to edit multiple genes in T cells simultaneously such as the PD-1 receptor and the T-cell receptor.

Editing sperm cells with CRISPR to express engineered T-cells is being developed as immunotherapy.

Editing of target genes was demonstrated.by PCR confirming that CRISPR editing was successful.

. Which of the following do NOT demonstrate the scientific method:

Observation, questioning, creating a hypothesis

Seeing ecDNAs, asking how common are they, carrying out genome sequencing and cytogenetic studies of cancer samples, performing bioinformatics analysis

Observation, questioning, experimentation, analysis

Seeing evidence of high expression of oncogenes on ecDNAs, asking what is the chromatin structure of ecDNAs, carrying out ATAC-seq,, and performing analysis.

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