* not completed

. This memory process involves making meaning out of our perceptions.

consolidation correct incorrect

storage correct incorrect

encoding correct incorrect

retrieval correct incorrect

* not completed

. When information becomes conscious, it has been activated in this store.

sensory memory correct incorrect

short-term memory correct incorrect

working memory correct incorrect

long-term memory correct incorrect

* not completed

. You might use this strategy to remember a telephone number if you have nothing with which to write.

elaborative rehearsal correct incorrect

selective encoding correct incorrect

maintenance rehearsal correct incorrect

selective attention correct incorrect

* not completed

. An experimenter is hoping to measure this when asking you to quickly repeat back a string of digits like 2,3,5,6,1,2,6.

encoding span correct incorrect

memory span correct incorrect

short-term chunker correct incorrect

quantitative store correct incorrect

* not completed

. Which of the following is NOT a way that long-term memories are encoded?

visual encoding correct incorrect

mental encoding correct incorrect

semantic encoding correct incorrect

acoustic encoding correct incorrect

* not completed

. Which of the following was NOT among the list of habits known to reduce exam performance?

sitting toward the back of the classroom correct incorrect

studying in frequent, manageable sessions correct incorrect

studying while high on marijuana correct incorrect

studying mainly by re-reading your notes correct incorrect

* not completed

. On a multiple-choice exam, identifying the correct answer is really a matter of

recognition correct incorrect

recall correct incorrect

storage correct incorrect

encoding correct incorrect

* not completed

. Researchers demonstrated this phenomenon when they had scuba divers memorize lists of words either under water or on land, and later tested them for recall of these words both on land and under water.

elaborative rehearsal correct incorrect

method of loci correct incorrect

state-dependent memory correct incorrect

context-dependent memory correct incorrect

* not completed

. This retrieval phenomenon works when mood and other psychological states, including drug-induced changes in consciousness, act as retrieval cues.

elaborative rehearsal correct incorrect

method of loci correct incorrect

state-dependent memory correct incorrect

context-dependent memory correct incorrect

* not completed

. This memory phenomenon is a highly vivid and detailed remembrance of one’s personal circumstances at the moment of learning of some shocking and unexpected event.

state-dependent memory correct incorrect

flashbulb memory correct incorrect

false memory correct incorrect

recovered memory correct incorrect

* not completed

. This part of the multicomponent model of working memory holds visual information in short-term memory.

phonological loop correct incorrect

episodic buffer correct incorrect

visuospatial sketchpad correct incorrect

central executive correct incorrect

* not completed

. This part of the multicomponent model of working memory allows us to have several short- and long-term memory “programs” open at the same time.

phonological loop correct incorrect

episodic buffer correct incorrect

visuospatial sketchpad correct incorrect

central executive correct incorrect

* not completed

. All of the following are examples of episodic memories, EXCEPT:

Steve remembers that he bought his first guitar on a Monday. correct incorrect

Josh remembers that his first kiss was very awkward. correct incorrect

Mary Beth remembers that her favorite song is by the Beatles. correct incorrect

Adam remembers that New York is in the Eastern time zone of the United States. correct incorrect

* not completed

. When we recall something, but have no awareness that we are doing so, we are using

semantic memory correct incorrect

episodic memory correct incorrect

implicit memory correct incorrect

discrete memory correct incorrect

* not completed

. Craik and Lockhart did not adhere to the notion that memory consists of separate stores and stages such as STM and LTM. Instead they proposed that

the more deeply an item is processed, the more likely it is to be recalled at a later date correct incorrect

encoding, storage, and retrieval were three parts of a general process of LTM. correct incorrect

the more deeply encoded a memory is, the more likely it is context dependent correct incorrect

the use of mnemonics illustrates that STM can be unlimited. correct incorrect

* not completed

. If you make a list of items to buy at the grocery store but forget your list at home, you will probably be able to remember the first few items on the list as an example of this serial position effect.

primacy effect correct incorrect

recency effect correct incorrect

context effect correct incorrect

distinctiveness effect correct incorrect

* not completed

. Supporters of the idea of distinct memory systems claim that this serial position effect is evidence of the existence of a separate short-term memory store.

primacy effect correct incorrect

recency effect correct incorrect

context effect correct incorrect

distinctiveness effect correct incorrect

* not completed

. There has recently been a shift among memory researchers away from quantitative questions of how much and how long to the question of how

large correct incorrect

accurate correct incorrect

lengthy correct incorrect

vivid correct incorrect

* not completed

. Most modern psychologists view memory like a “theater” of experience where events may be interpreted and reinterpreted over time. This means that memories are

fixed, not variable correct incorrect

saved, not recalled correct incorrect

constructed, not played back correct incorrect

intangible, not fixed correct incorrect

* not completed

. The false memory effect demonstrated by Ceci and colleagues particularly affects

short-term memory correct incorrect

semantic memory correct incorrect

procedural memory correct incorrect

autobiographical memory correct incorrect

* not completed

. Your confidence in autobiographical memories for events that occurred before your fourth birthday are most likely based on

the encoding of specific details during your pre-school years correct incorrect

the emotional aspects of the experience correct incorrect

the rehearsal of the event in short-term memory correct incorrect

the existence of photographs of the event correct incorrect

* not completed

. All of the following are examples of proactive interference, EXCEPT:

Raphael recently changed his debit-card PIN, but still enters the old pin by mistake. correct incorrect

Julia lost the combination lock to use at the gym, but she cannot use her old one because she only remembers the new combination. correct incorrect

Steve ruined his date by calling her by his old girlfriend’s name. correct incorrect

Dr. Johnston has trouble remembering his student’s names every time a new semester starts. correct incorrect

* not completed

. A schema is necessary to represent which of these bits of information?

the color of grass is green correct incorrect

psychology lecture lasts for 50 minutes correct incorrect

all birds have feathers correct incorrect

your father is older than you are correct incorrect

* not completed

. Studies that demonstrate this effect of schemas also highlight the importance of the context in which an event occurs for subsequent accurate recall.

inaccurate recall of schema-consistent material correct incorrect

distorted recall of schema-inconsistent material correct incorrect

accurate recall of schema-inconsistent material correct incorrect

misattributed recall of autobiographical information correct incorrect

* not completed

. Which of the following best describes the consensus of most researchers about the recovered memory controversy?

People who experience traumatic events do not try hard enough to repress the memory and it is recovered. correct incorrect

Many trauma survivors lose memory for the entire event, including several days surrounding the event. correct incorrect

Most people who recover memories of traumatic sexual abuse in therapy are actually rebelling against the suggestions of the therapist. correct incorrect

Cases in which a person loses all memory for a traumatic event, and then recovers the details accurately, years later, are rare. correct incorrect

* not completed

. Which of the following does NOT describe one of the four stages in the process of vicarious conditioning?

One must first direct one’s attention to a model’s behavior and to the rewards or punishments that follow from the behavior. correct incorrect

One must retain a memory of the observed behavior. correct incorrect

One must be motivated to perform the observed behavior. correct incorrect

One must have been previously conditioned to seek rewarding consequences for acting aggressively. correct incorrect

* not completed

. Which of the following does NOT describe one of the four stages in the process of vicarious conditioning?

One must first direct one’s attention to a model’s behavior and to the rewards or punishments that follow from the behavior. correct incorrect

One must retain a memory of the observed behavior. correct incorrect

One must be motivated to perform the observed behavior. correct incorrect

One must have been previously conditioned to seek rewarding consequences for acting aggressively. correct incorrect