Practice Quiz Chapter 05

. You flip a two-sided coin what is the probability of getting heads?

a) 0.2

b) 1

c) 0

d) 0.5

e) 0.25

. You roll a six-sided dice what is the probability of rolling 1?

a) 0.167

b) 0.761

c) 0.117

d) 1

e) 0

. You roll a six-sided dice once again what is the probability of rolling either a 3 or a 5?

a) 0.167

b) 0.761

c) 0.333

d) 0.133

e) 0.933

. You flip a two-sided coin a couple more times? What is the probability of flipping heads twice in a row?

a) 0.35

b) 0.33

c) 0.52

d) 0.22

e) 0.25

. You roll the dice two more times in a row what are the odds of rolling a 6 twice in a row?

a) 0.082

b) 0.28

c) 0.028

d) 0.82

e) 0.88

. What does a dependent event mean?

a) The event depends on another variable

b) The event doesn't exist unless certain conditions are met

c) The event depends on the observed probability

d) The probability of the event is dependent on the total number of cases in a dataset

e) That the probability of the event changes depending on the outcome of the first event

. When the probability of an outcome is determined using an empirical test it is known as what?

a) Normal distribution

b) Observed probability

c) Theoretical probability

d) Frequency distribution

e) Normal probability

. In a recent survey it was determined that 9,737 out of a total of 89,418 young people aged 15 to 24 who did not acquire a higher education were unemployed. What is the probability that a randomly selected youth in this age bracket will be unemployed?

a) 0.19

b) 0.9

c) 0.91

d) 0.99

e) 0.09

. When researchers use probability samples, what do they rely on to make any sort of generalizations about a larger population?

a) A census

b) Non-probability samples

c) Probability samples

d) Laws of probability

e) Sigma

. Inferential statistical techniques require data collected from what?

a) Non-probability samples

b) Convenience samples

c) Snowball samples

d) Population samples

e) Probability samples

. What is sampling error?

a) An unexplained outlier

b) A miscalculated probability sample

c) A mismatch between the characteristics of a sample and the population the sample was selected from

d) Deviations in the normal curve

e) Systematic bias

. The results produced by a sample are known as what?

a) Statistics

b) Parameters

c) Data percentiles

d) Representative data

e) A frequency distribution

. The true results in a population are referred to as what?

a) Statistics

b) Parameters

c) Metrics

d) Samples

e) Facts

. There are several ways to select a probability sample. Which of the following is not one of them?

a) Simple random sampling

b) Stratified sampling

c) Cluster sampling

d) Multi-stage sampling

e) Single-stage sampling

. Which of the following steps is not necessary to generating a simple random sample?

a) Listing each case in the population

b) Stratifying the sample once generated

c) Assigning each case in the population a number

d) Randomly selecting numbers to pick cases from the population to form a sample

e) Performing inferential statistics on the sample

. Which of the following is not a characteristic of cluster sampling?

a) Relies on dividing populations into groups or clusters

b) Researchers choose between clusters, not within them

c) Cluster sampling is less expensive

d) Cases can have different probabilities of being selected for a sample

e) The clusters themselves are analytically important

. What can't be said about the relationship between a sample and the population it's drawn from?

a) The characteristics of the sample can't perfectly match those of the population

b) Samples always tend to underestimate the amount of variation within a population

c) There will always be less diversity among the cases in a sample than there will be among all the cases in a population

d) When variance and standard deviation are calculated using sample data, diving by (n-1) results in less biased population estimates

e) The characteristics of the sample can potentially, perfectly match those of the population

. Who is regularly excluded from surveys by Statistics Canada?

a) Homeless people

b) Residents of institutions

c) Members of the armed forces

d) Aboriginal peoples living on-reserve

e) Residents of the three Canadian territories (Northwest Territories, Nunavut and Yukon)

. What does the denominator in the formulas for variance and standard deviation change to if you are calculating these two statistical measures from sample data?

a) n+N

b) N+1

c) n-1

d) n

e) 1-n

. What do weights that account for each case's probability of selection do to a dataset?

a) Assign lower multipliers to people with a low probability of being selected into the sample, and higher multipliers to people with a high probability of being selected into a sample

b) Changes the centre of the dataset's distribution

c) Changes the dataset's dispersion

d) Assign higher multipliers to people with a low probability of being selected into the sample, and lower multipliers to people with a high probability of being selected into a sample

e) Double the values of the cases in the dataset

. The closer a probability is to 1, the more likely it is that something will occur.

a) True

b) False

. The symbol for proportions, p, is not the same as the symbol for probabilities.

a) True

b) False

. The probability of a specific outcome occurring is calculated by dividing the number of outcomes of interest by the total number of possible outcomes.

a) True

b) False

. In joint probability examples sometimes the probability of a second event changes depending on the outcome of the first event.

a) True

b) False

. Researchers use theoretical probabilities to calculate the likelihood of a person in the population being selected to be part of a sample.

a) True

b) False

. The fewer empirical trials undertaken, the closer the observed probability will be to the theoretical probability.

a) True

b) False

. Frequency distributions can also be thought of as probability distributions.

a) True

b) False

. Even when a variable is not normally distributed, the area under the normal curve can be used to calculate the probability that an event will occur for any randomly selected case.

a) True

b) False

. If you randomly select a single case from a normal distribution, you are much more likely to select a case that is far away from the mean than close to it.

a) True

b) False

. Probabilities are also related to the process of sampling in survey research.

a) True

b) False

. A census relies on researchers taking samples.

a) True

b) False

. Because of the cost in terms of both time and money to conduct a census, most survey research relies on samples.

a) True

b) False

. Data collected from non-probability samples can be used to make any kind of generalizations about a larger population.

a) True

b) False

. Probability sampling helps to ensure that the sample of people whom information is collected from represents the diversity of the larger population.

a) True

b) False

. Sampling bias occurs when information is collected from a sample of cases that are systematically different from the population in some way.

a) True

b) False

. In terms of statistical notation, N represents the number of people or cases in the sample, while n represents the number of people or cases in a population.

a) True

b) False

. In Canadian surveys, the population is usually stratified into smaller groups based on province prior to selecting probability samples.

a) True

b) False

. With cluster sampling researchers select cases from within clusters, not among them.

a) True

b) False

. In multi-stage sampling, a researcher can establish the probability that an individual case will be selected by multiplying the independent probabilities of selection at each stage.

a) True

b) False

. Even when probability sampling is used, the characteristics of a sample will never perfectly match those of the whole population.

a) True

b) False

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