Upper Motor Neuron Control of the Brainstem and Spinal Cord

Overview

Organization of Descending Motor Control

The Corticospinal and Corticobulbar Tracts

CLINICAL APPLICATIONS:

Patterns of Facial Weakness and Their Importance for Localizing Neurological Injury

Functional Organization of the Primary Motor Cortex

BOX 17A What Do Motor Maps Represent?

The Premotor Cortex

BOX 17B Minds and Machines

Motor Control Centers in the Brainstem: Upper Motor Neurons That Maintain Balance, Govern Posture, Initiate Locomotion, and Orient Gaze

BOX 17C The Reticular Formation

Damage to Descending Motor Pathways: The Upper Motor Neuron Syndrome

BOX 17D Muscle Tone