The constitutional requirement (in Article 4, Section 1) that each state recognizes and upholds laws passed by any other state.
An approach to federalism that shifts authority from federal officials to state and local governments.
The constitutional declaration (in Article 1, Section 8) of Congress's authority to exercise the "necessary and proper" powers to carry out its designated functions.
National government powers implied by, but not specifically named in, the Constitution.
National government funding provided to state and local governments with relatively few restrictions or requirements on spending. Block grant programs introduced a trade-off for state officials more authority, fewer funds.
Also called marble cake federalism, a system of mingled governing authority, with functions overlapping across national and state governments.
Also called layer cake federalism, the clear division of governing authority between national and state governments.
A system of mingled governing authority marked by high partisan conflict in which both parties try to influence policy by shifting functions among national, state, and local governments; also known as super-swirl cake federalism.
The Constitutional declaration (in Article 1, Section 8) empowering Congress to regulate commerce with foreign nations, between states, and with Indian tribes.
The constitutional declaration (in Article 6, Section 2) that the national government's authority prevails over any conflicting state or local government's claims, provided the power is granted to the federal government.
Governmental authority shared by national and state governments, such as the power to tax residents.
National government authority listed explicitly in the Constitution.
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