Approach that gives state officials considerable leeway in achieving national programs and goals.
National government authority listed explicitly in the Constitution.
Also called layer cake federalism, the clear division of governing authority between national and state governments.
National government funding provided to state and local governments with relatively few restrictions or requirements on spending. Block grant programs introduced a trade-off for state officials more authority, fewer funds.
The Constitutional declaration (in Article 1, Section 8) empowering Congress to regulate commerce with foreign nations, between states, and with Indian tribes.
Powers neither specified nor implied by the Constitution, but judged necessary for the president or Congress to fulfill their duties.
The constitutional declaration (in Article 6, Section 2) that the national government's authority prevails over any conflicting state or local government's claims, provided the power is granted to the federal government.
An approach to federalism that shifts authority from federal officials to state and local governments.
The constitutional requirement (in Article 4, Section 1) that each state recognizes and upholds laws passed by any other state.
The constitutional declaration (in Article 1, Section 8) of Congress's authority to exercise the "necessary and proper" powers to carry out its designated functions.
National government funding provided to state and local governments, along with specific instructions about how the funds may be used.
National government powers implied by, but not specifically named in, the Constitution.
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