National government funding provided to state and local governments, along with specific instructions about how the funds may be used.
An approach to federalism that shifts authority from federal officials to state and local governments.
The constitutional guarantee (in the Tenth Amendment) that the states retain government authority not explicitly granted to the national government.
Powers neither specified nor implied by the Constitution, but judged necessary for the president or Congress to fulfill their duties.
Also called layer cake federalism, the clear division of governing authority between national and state governments.
The constitutional requirement (in Article 4, Section 1) that each state recognizes and upholds laws passed by any other state.
A system of mingled governing authority marked by high partisan conflict in which both parties try to influence policy by shifting functions among national, state, and local governments; also known as super-swirl cake federalism.
National government authority listed explicitly in the Constitution.
The constitutional declaration (in Article 1, Section 8) of Congress's authority to exercise the "necessary and proper" powers to carry out its designated functions.
Also called marble cake federalism, a system of mingled governing authority, with functions overlapping across national and state governments.
Approach that gives state officials considerable leeway in achieving national programs and goals.
Governmental authority shared by national and state governments, such as the power to tax residents.
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