National government funding provided to state and local governments, along with specific instructions about how the funds may be used.
National government powers implied by, but not specifically named in, the Constitution.
Approach that gives state officials considerable leeway in achieving national programs and goals.
Also called marble cake federalism, a system of mingled governing authority, with functions overlapping across national and state governments.
An approach to federalism that shifts authority from federal officials to state and local governments.
Also called layer cake federalism, the clear division of governing authority between national and state governments.
The constitutional declaration (in Article 1, Section 8) of Congress's authority to exercise the "necessary and proper" powers to carry out its designated functions.
The Constitutional declaration (in Article 1, Section 8) empowering Congress to regulate commerce with foreign nations, between states, and with Indian tribes.
Powers neither specified nor implied by the Constitution, but judged necessary for the president or Congress to fulfill their duties.
The constitutional guarantee (in the Tenth Amendment) that the states retain government authority not explicitly granted to the national government.
National government authority listed explicitly in the Constitution.
A system of mingled governing authority marked by high partisan conflict in which both parties try to influence policy by shifting functions among national, state, and local governments; also known as super-swirl cake federalism.
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