Powers neither specified nor implied by the Constitution, but judged necessary for the president or Congress to fulfill their duties.
An approach to federalism that shifts authority from federal officials to state and local governments.
Approach that gives state officials considerable leeway in achieving national programs and goals.
The Constitutional declaration (in Article 1, Section 8) empowering Congress to regulate commerce with foreign nations, between states, and with Indian tribes.
The constitutional guarantee (in the Tenth Amendment) that the states retain government authority not explicitly granted to the national government.
National government authority listed explicitly in the Constitution.
Also called marble cake federalism, a system of mingled governing authority, with functions overlapping across national and state governments.
National government funding provided to state and local governments, along with specific instructions about how the funds may be used.
A system of mingled governing authority marked by high partisan conflict in which both parties try to influence policy by shifting functions among national, state, and local governments; also known as super-swirl cake federalism.
National government funding provided to state and local governments with relatively few restrictions or requirements on spending. Block grant programs introduced a trade-off for state officials more authority, fewer funds.
The constitutional declaration (in Article 6, Section 2) that the national government's authority prevails over any conflicting state or local government's claims, provided the power is granted to the federal government.
Also called layer cake federalism, the clear division of governing authority between national and state governments.
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