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The constitutional declaration (in Article 6, Section 2) that the national government's authority prevails over any conflicting state or local government's claims, provided the power is granted to the federal government.
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The constitutional declaration empowering Congress to regulate commerce with foreign nations, between states, and with Indian tribes.
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Governmental authority shared by national and state governments, such as the power to tax residents.
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Mingled governing authority, with functions overlapping across national and state governments.
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The constitutional guarantee (in the Tenth Amendment) that the states retain government authority not explicitly granted to the national government.
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Also called layer cake federalism, the clear division of governing authority between national and state governments.
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Powers neither specified nor implied by the Constitution but judged necessary for the president or Congress to fulfill their duties.
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A modern federalism variant in which the national government sets broad goals for a program, and relies on state innovations to achieve them.
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National government powers implied by, but not specifically named in, the Constitution.
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National government funding provided to state and local governments, along with specific instructions about how the funds may be used.
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The constitutional declaration (in Article 1, Section 8) of Congress's authority to exercise the "necessary and proper" powers to carry out its designated functions.
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A system of mingled governing authority marked by high partisan conflict in which both parties try to influence policy by shifting functions among national, state, and local governments; also known as super-swirl cake federalism.
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