.png){kind=icon}
-
Also called layer cake federalism, the clear division of governing authority between national and state governments.
-
National government powers implied by, but not specifically named in, the Constitution.
-
The constitutional guarantee (in the Tenth Amendment) that the states retain government authority not explicitly granted to the national government.
-
The constitutional declaration empowering Congress to regulate commerce with foreign nations, between states, and with Indian tribes.
-
The constitutional declaration (in Article 1, Section 8) of Congress's authority to exercise the "necessary and proper" powers to carry out its designated functions.
-
The constitutional declaration (in Article 6, Section 2) that the national government's authority prevails over any conflicting state or local government's claims, provided the power is granted to the federal government.
-
An approach to federalism that shifts authority from federal officials to the state and local governments.
-
The constitutional requirement (in Article 4, Section 1) that each state must recognize and uphold laws passed by any other state.
-
Mingled governing authority, with functions overlapping across national and state governments.
-
Powers neither specified nor implied by the Constitution but judged necessary for the president or Congress to fulfill their duties.
-
A modern federalism variant in which the national government sets broad goals for a program, and relies on state innovations to achieve them.
-
National government funding provided to state and local governments, with relatively few restrictions or requirements on spending.
Printed from , all rights reserved. © Oxford University Press, 2025