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The constitutional declaration (in Article 1, Section 8) of Congress's authority to exercise the "necessary and proper" powers to carry out its designated functions.
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Governmental authority shared by national and state governments, such as the power to tax residents.
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A modern federalism variant in which the national government sets broad goals for a program, and relies on state innovations to achieve them.
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A system of mingled governing authority marked by high partisan conflict in which both parties try to influence policy by shifting functions among national, state, and local governments; also known as super-swirl cake federalism.
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National government funding provided to state and local governments, along with specific instructions about how the funds may be used.
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Powers neither specified nor implied by the Constitution but judged necessary for the president or Congress to fulfill their duties.
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National government powers listed explicitly in the Constitution.
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Mingled governing authority, with functions overlapping across national and state governments.
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National government powers implied by, but not specifically named in, the Constitution.
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The constitutional declaration (in Article 6, Section 2) that the national government's authority prevails over any conflicting state or local government's claims, provided the power is granted to the federal government.
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The constitutional guarantee (in the Tenth Amendment) that the states retain government authority not explicitly granted to the national government.
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An approach to federalism that shifts authority from federal officials to the state and local governments.
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