Chapter 4 Multiple Choice Questions

. Which of the following statements accurately describes non-state actor involvement in global environmental politics?

Only corporate actors influence policy outcomes.

All non-state actors engage in the same types of political activities.

There are many different types of non-state actors and they engage in global environmental politics in different ways.

The number of non-state actors involved in international environmental conferences is decreasing over time.

. Describe how the interests of environmental NGOs evolved over time.

There has been a general trend away from professionalization and towards more radical forms of engagement.

The first generation was largely interested in protecting natural spaces and species, the second generation was concerned with additional environmental issues, and the third generation focused on generating expertise.

The first generation focused on providing expertise to policymakers, the second generation was concerned with conservation, and the third generation focuses on radical direct action.

There has been little change in how environmental NGOs operate over time.

. Which statement best explains the role of businesses in global environmental politics?

Businesses have little environmental impact, and they are the only actors capable of effectively addressing environmental degradation.

Businesses cause considerable environmental degradation, and there is nothing they can do to address environmental degradation.

Businesses mostly have a positive environmental impact, and they can help address environmental degradation by holding states accountable for their environmental degradation.

Businesses consume vast quantities of resources and generate significant waste and pollution, yet they can also develop green technologies and they have an interest in shaping policy.

. According to the Neo-Gramscian perspective, why should corporate involvement in environmental governance be treated with scepticism?

Businesses will only make small changes in their behaviour and only to the extent that it is in line with their interests.

Corporations don't have the expertise or resources needed to contribute to environmental protection.

Corporations have minimal environmental impacts and so their time and energy are best utilized elsewhere.

Individuals within corporations do not have an interest in environmental protection.

. Which of the following is NOT a reason why some businesses may be favourable to environmental regulations?

A business that is close to final consumers within a production chain may prefer environmental regulations in order to signal to consumers that it is environmentally friendly

Businesses that are subject to strict regulations at a national level may prefer to spread those regulations to the international level to remain competitive.

Environmental regulations often result in large public cash handouts to environmentally friendly businesses.

A business may seek predictability to justify making long-term investments.

. An environmental NGO that uses issue framing to convince other actors to adopt its position is using which type of resource?

Organizational

Material

Structural

Discursive

. Which of the following is an example of a non-state actor using a public pressure strategy to influence policymakers?

An alliance of NGOs and social movements plan protests across the world during a United Nations climate conference.

A representative of an association of scientists talks to a state negotiator during a reception at an international summit.

Members of an NGO participate in a state delegation at a biodiversity conference.

A business association develops a technical report targeted towards state delegations at negotiations on ozone depletion.

. Which of the following is an example of a transnational public–private form of governance?

The United Nations.

An arrangement of sub-state governments and businesses from across the world working together to develop standardized greenhouse gas accounting measures.

A multitude of states negotiating an international treaty to regulate logging in rainforests.

An association of firms involved in the international maritime shipping industry that work together to lobby for tighter regulations on emissions from shipping.

. Which of the following best explains the important role that cities are playing in global environmental governance?

Cities are placing public pressure on national governments using naming and shaming campaigns.

Cities are organizing international summits to protest the inaction of the international community in addressing climate change.

Cities are demanding voting rights in international negotiations.

Cities are organizing themselves into transnational networks that allow them to coordinate their efforts.

. Which of the following describes a potential benefit and drawback of transnational partnerships in global environmental governance?

Transnational partnerships could lead to a privatizing of environmental governance, yet they also create flexibility for non-state actors to take action where states have failed to do so.

Transnational partnerships are increasingly common but they are not actually interested in environmental governance.

Transnational partnerships could solve the world's problems but states will not allow them to.

In order for transnational partnerships to reach their full potential, they must replace states.

Quiz Content