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Return to Biochemistry: The Molecular Basis of Life 7e Student Resources
Chapter 7 Review Quiz
Carbohydrates
Quiz Content
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Among the carbohydrates, vitamin C is an especially unusual compound because:
It is optically inactive
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It contains two carbon-carbon double bonds
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It forms a basic solution in water
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It is an L-form carbohydrate
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It contains a pyran ring structure
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Ribose can best be described as an:
Ketohexose
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Aldopentose
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Ketopentose
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Ketotriose
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Ketoheptose
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Forensic investigators use many types of information in order to determine what has occurred at a crime scene. In addition to being a strong acid, sulfuric acid is an oxidizing acid and has a very powerful dehydrating effect. Sulfuric acid is sometimes used by criminals to attack or disfigure victims, and persons are sometimes injured as a result of explosions of storage batteries. Exposure of skin to sulfuric acid may result in the formation of black spots; this same black color occurs when sugars are exposed to sulfuric acid. The black material is:
Hydrogen
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Carbon
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Oxygen
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Eriochrome black T
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Buffalo Black
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Ribose and xylose are:
Epimers
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Anomers
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Disaccharides
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Optically inactive
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Aldopentoses
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The carbohydrate known as milk sugar is also known by the common name:
Sucrose
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Fructose
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Lactose
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Galactose
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Maltose
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An easy way to identify sucrose among other sugars is to use the Benedict's test for reducing sugars. As the first carbon of glucose and the second of fructose are locked together in the sucrose molecule, no carbon is easily oxidized, and the Benedict's test is negative. Starch contains a great deal of glucose, but gives a negative Benedicts's test because:
The molecular weight of starch is too high for it to dissolve
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The starch molecules are so long that they resist attack by oxidizing agents
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Each starch molecule has only one free aldehyde carbon available for oxidation, and the resultant reaction is too slight to be observed
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The starch in animal cells is present in small granules packed together like grapes
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The chemistry rules don't allow starch to react with oxidizing agents.
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Which of the following is a homopolysaccharide?
Heparin
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Chondroitin sulfate
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Ascorbic acid
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Hyaluronic acid
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Cellulose
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Functions of lectins include:
Mediation of oxidation-reduction reactions
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Cell-cell binding and recognition
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Esterification processes
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Isomerization of epimers
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Display of different protein colors
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Glucose is stored in plants as amylopectin granules, and in animal tissues as glycogen granules. The two homopolysaccharides are similar in linkages, but differ in the degree of branching and in shapes of the granules. Amylopectin usually forms large, single grains, while glycogen is usually present as smaller, clustered granules resembling bunches of grapes. How does this structure of glycogen granules benefit an animal?
The glycogen granules are more resistant to oxidation
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The glycogen granules find safety in numbers
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The glycogen granules have more surface area and can be dissolved faster
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Amylopectin granules are more stable and last longer
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Animals would actually be better off if their starch were stored as amylopectin, because it would be more resistant to chemical attack
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The uses of vitamin C are probably not all known, but we are aware of a number of problems which occur if we lack it. Many of the Mormons who died in the winter camps during the trek westward in 1846-1848 actually suffered vitamin C deficiency. Persons who don't have sufficient vitamin C are said to suffer:
Seasickness
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Lapse of faith
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Beri-beri
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Pellagra
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Scurvy
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The term glycomics refers to:
Amusing stories about carbohydrates
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The study of protein molecules
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The sum total of all lipid molecules and their interactions with cell surfaces
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Study of the structural and functional properties of glycans
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A search for elusive sugar molecules
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The mucic acid test is performed by heating a sugar with nitric acid. This reaction oxidizes both ends of the sugar molecule, converting the first and last carbon to carboxylic acid groups. The product, an aldaric acid, is soluble for most sugars, but in the case of any sugar containing galactose, gritty, white, insoluble crystals of galactaric acid form. Which of the following sugars would form a white precipitate if treated with nitric acid?
Lactose
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Sucrose
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Maltose
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Mannose
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Glucose
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An old test for glucose in urine involved heating the urine with an alkaline solution of Cu
2+
. As the aldehyde group of the sugar was oxidized to an acid group, The Cu
2+
ion (blue in aqueous solution) was reduced to a brick-red precipitate of Cu
2
O. During basic training in the military, it was not uncommon for recruits to regret their enlistments and even to attempt to avoid the day's exercise by malingering. Of course, to pretend illness, the recruit needed to have symptoms, and a few tried to feign diabetes by mixing some sugar taken from the mess hall with their urine. This attempt at avoiding duty failed because:
Drill sergeants are too smart
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Recruits are too dumb
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All sugars react with alkaline Cu
2+
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Mess hall sugar usually contains saltpeter, which can not be readily oxidized
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Mess hall sugar usually contains sucrose, which is not be readily oxidized
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Glucose crystallized from water is usually in the α-form, but if dissolved again in water, is rapidly converted into a mixture of α- and β- forms by a process called:
Hydrolysis
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Mutarotation
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Epimerization
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Acetalization
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Diffusion
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Which of the following are anomeric isomers?
Glucose and galactose
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Galactose and mannose
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α-D-Glucose and β-D-glucose
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β-D-Glucose and β-D-fructose
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D-glucose and L-fructose
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Which of the following is a heteroglycan?
Sodium sulfate
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Heparin
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Amylopectin
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Amylose
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Glycogen
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Monosaccharides are classified as D-form if they:
Have the letter 'D" at the end of their names
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Taste sweet and contain an aldehyde or ketone group
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Consist of six carbons and taste sweet
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Have the same configuration on the next to the farthest in the chain from the carbonyl as D-glyceraldehyde
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Can not be hydrolyzed or broken down into smaller sugars
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Much of the galactose we consume is converted to glucose and oxidized for energy. An inherited genetic disease may cause infants to be unable to convert galactose to glucose, and the resultant high levels of galactose result in formation of galactitol, a sugar alcohol. Galactitol can accumulate in some tissues and might even cause cataracts, but a principle danger of the disease is profound mental retardation. Fortunately, a special diet low in galactose allows infants to develop normally, and by the age of ten or so, they usually develop an alternative enzymatic pathway which handles the glucose safely. A characteristic symptom of this disease is elevated galactose in blood. This disease is called:
Diabetes
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Galactosemia
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Fructosuria
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Polynephritis
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Idiopathic gastroenteritis
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Sugar alcohols such as sorbitol are not well absorbed from the intestine, so can be used as artificial sweeteners. Your toothpaste and sugar-free gum are probably sweetened with a sugar alcohol made by reducing the aldehyde carbon of xylose to an alcohol. The resulting compound would be named:
Xylitol
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Xylene
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Zenobia
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Zydeco
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Zenaide
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Sorbitol is often used as an artificial sweetener. While sorbitol does not contribute to high blood glucose levels, it can cause diarrhea among children who consume excess quantities. Why?
The excess sorbitol increases osmotic pressure within the contents of the intestine, increasing the water content of the stools
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Excess sorbitol decreases osmotic pressure within the contents of the intestine, decreasing the water content of the stools
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Excess sorbitol has no effect on osmotic pressure
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Excess sorbitol contributes to stress, causing involuntary evacuation of the large bowel, with associated movement of materials through the small intestine
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Diarrhea is a favorite word for children learning to spell
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Cows and termites possess microorganisms in their digestive tracts which can hydrolyze cellulose to form molecules such as glucose which can be utilized by the hosts. In your own home, there is probably another animal which contains such microorganisms. What is it?
A goldfish
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A clothes moth
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A housefly
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A pussy cat
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Your pet alligator
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How many optical isomers could an aldoheptose have?
7
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14
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49
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16
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32
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Formation of a hemiacetal from a monosaccharide results in a molecule which has the same molecular weight as the original monosaccharide. Formation of an acetal from two monosaccharides results in a molecule which has:
A product having the same molecular weight as the smaller monosaccharide
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A molecular weight which is the same as the combined weight of the two monosaccharides
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A molecular weight which can vary, depending upon where the acetal linkage forms
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A molecular weight which is 18 amu less than the combined weight of the two monosaccharides
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A molecular weight which is 18 amu more than the combined weight of the two monosaccharides
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